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The Forward-Forward algorithm has evolved in machine learning research, tackling more complex tasks that mimic real-life applications. In the last years, it has been improved by several techniques to perform better than its original…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Mauricio Ortiz Torres , Markus Lange , Arne P. Raulf

The forward-backward representation (FB) is a recently proposed framework (Touati et al., 2023; Touati & Ollivier, 2021) to train behavior foundation models (BFMs) that aim at providing zero-shot efficient policies for any new task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Edoardo Cetin , Ahmed Touati , Yann Ollivier

Backpropagation remains the dominant algorithm for training deep neural networks, but it incurs substantial memory overhead and relies on global error propagation, which is often regarded as biologically implausible. The Forward-Forward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 James Gong , Bruce Li , Waleed Abdulla

Backpropagation (BP) is the standard algorithm for training the deep neural networks that power modern artificial intelligence including large language models. However, BP is energy inefficient and unlikely to be implemented by the brain.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Francesco Innocenti

The most popular technique to train a neural network is backpropagation. Recently, the Forward-Forward technique has also been introduced for certain learning tasks. However, in real life, human learning does not follow any of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Prasun Dutta , Koustab Ghosh , Rajat K. De

The backpropagation algorithm remains the dominant and most successful method for training deep neural networks (DNNs). At the same time, training DNNs at scale comes at a significant computational cost and therefore a high carbon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sander Dalm , Joshua Offergeld , Nasir Ahmad , Marcel van Gerven

The back-propagation (BP) algorithm has been considered the de-facto method for training deep neural networks. It back-propagates errors from the output layer to the hidden layers in an exact manner using the transpose of the feedforward…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Hongyin Luo , Jie Fu , James Glass

Training neural networks has traditionally relied on backpropagation (BP), a gradient-based algorithm that, despite its widespread success, suffers from key limitations in both biological and hardware perspectives. These include backward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Nazmus Saadat As-Saquib , A N M Nafiz Abeer , Hung-Ta Chien , Byung-Jun Yoon , Suhas Kumar , Su-in Yi

Training neural networks with reinforcement learning (RL) typically relies on backpropagation (BP), necessitating storage of activations from the forward pass for subsequent backward updates. Furthermore, backpropagating error signals…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Daniel Tanneberg

The ever-growing size of training datasets enhances the generalization capability of modern machine learning models but also incurs exorbitant computational costs. Existing data pruning approaches aim to accelerate training by removing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Dongyue Wu , Zilin Guo , Jialong Zuo , Nong Sang , Changxin Gao

The paper proposes a new algorithm called SymBa that aims to achieve more biologically plausible learning than Back-Propagation (BP). The algorithm is based on the Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm, which is a BP-free method for training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Heung-Chang Lee , Jeonggeun Song

Incorporating the Forward Forward algorithm into neural network training represents a transformative shift from traditional methods, introducing a dual forward mechanism that streamlines the learning process by bypassing the complexities of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Mitra Bakhshi

Deep Learning has a wide application in the area of natural language processing and image processing due to its strong ability of generalization. In this paper, we propose a novel neural network structure for jointly optimizing the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-08-10 Banghua Zhu , Jintao Wang , Longzhuang He , Jian Song

The physical layer (PHY) in wireless communication systems has traditionally relied on model-based methods that are often optimized individually as independent blocks to perform tasks such as modulation, coding, and channel estimation.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Abdelrahman Elfiky , Zouheir Rezki , Jorge Cortez , Youssef Boumhaout , Anne Xia , Abdulkadir Celik , Georges Kaddoum

Source separation and other audio applications have traditionally relied on the use of short-time Fourier transforms as a front-end frequency domain representation step. The unavailability of a neural network equivalent to forward and…

Sound · Computer Science 2017-11-01 Shrikant Venkataramani , Jonah Casebeer , Paris Smaragdis

The Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm offers a promising alternative to backpropagation (BP). Despite advancements in recent FF-based extensions, which have enhanced the original algorithm and adapted it to convolutional neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Qingchun Gong , Robert Bogdan Staszewski , Kai Xu

In coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) fiber communications, a novel end-to-end learning framework to mitigate Laser Phase Noise (LPN) impairments is proposed in this paper. Inspired by Autoencoder (AE)…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-24 Omar Alnaseri , Yassine Himeur

We investigate end-to-end optimized optical transmission systems based on feedforward or bidirectional recurrent neural networks (BRNN) and deep learning. In particular, we report the first experimental demonstration of a BRNN auto-encoder,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-19 Boris Karanov , Mathieu Chagnon , Vahid Aref , Domanic Lavery , Polina Bayvel , Laurent Schmalen

Backpropagation algorithm is the cornerstone for neural network analysis. Paper extends it for training any derivatives of neural network's output with respect to its input. By the dint of it feedforward networks can be used to solve or…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-12-13 V. I. Avrutskiy

The model parameters of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are determined by backpropagation (BP). In this work, we propose an interpretable feedforward (FF) design without any BP as a reference. The FF design adopts a data-centric…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-23 C. -C. Jay Kuo , Min Zhang , Siyang Li , Jiali Duan , Yueru Chen