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Medical large language models (LLMs) research often makes bold claims, from encoding clinical knowledge to reasoning like a physician. These claims are usually backed by evaluation on competitive benchmarks; a tradition inherited from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Ahmed Alaa , Thomas Hartvigsen , Niloufar Golchini , Shiladitya Dutta , Frances Dean , Inioluwa Deborah Raji , Travis Zack

Objectives: To evaluate the current limitations of large language models (LLMs) in medical question answering, focusing on the quality of datasets used for their evaluation. Materials and Methods: Widely-used benchmark datasets, including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Mahmoud Alwakeel , Aditya Nagori , Vijay Krishnamoorthy , Rishikesan Kamaleswaran

Critical appraisal of scientific literature is an essential skill in the biomedical field. While large language models (LLMs) can offer promising support in this task, their reliability remains limited, particularly for critical reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Doria Bonzi , Alexandre Guiggi , Frédéric Béchet , Carlos Ramisch , Benoit Favre

Despite impressive performance on standard benchmarks, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) face critical challenges in real-world clinical environments where medical images inevitably suffer various quality degradations. Existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jiyao Liu , Junzhi Ning , Chenglong Ma , Wanying Qu , Jianghan Shen , Siqi Luo , Jinjie Wei , Jin Ye , Pengze Li , Tianbin Li , Jiashi Lin , Hongming Shan , Xinzhe Luo , Xiaohong Liu , Lihao Liu , Junjun He , Ningsheng Xu

Recent advancements in reasoning-enhanced large language models (LLMs), such as DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI-o3, have demonstrated significant progress. However, their application in professional medical contexts remains underexplored,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Pengcheng Qiu , Chaoyi Wu , Shuyu Liu , Weike Zhao , Zhuoxia Chen , Hongfei Gu , Chuanjin Peng , Ya Zhang , Yanfeng Wang , Weidi Xie

Multimodal large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate dermatology diagnostic narratives directly from images. However, reliable evaluation remains the primary bottleneck for responsible clinical deployment. We introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yuhao Shen , Jiahe Qian , Shuping Zhang , Zhangtianyi Chen , Tao Lu , Juexiao Zhou

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) increasingly support dynamic image resolutions. However, current evaluation paradigms primarily assess semantic performance, overlooking the critical question of resolution robustness - whether…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Chenxu Li , Zhicai Wang , Yuan Sheng , Xingyu Zhu , Yanbin Hao , Xiang Wang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve superhuman performance on standardized medical licensing exams, these static benchmarks have become saturated and increasingly disconnected from the functional requirements of clinical workflows.…

General Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) often underperform in capturing domain-specific nuances in medical diagnosis, trailing behind fully supervised baselines. Although fine-tuning provides a remedy, the high costs of expert…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Wenkai Zhao , Zipei Wang , Mengjie Fang , Di Dong , Jie Tian , Lingwei Zhang

Medical large language models (LLMs) achieve impressive performance on standardized benchmarks, yet these evaluations fail to capture the complexity of real clinical encounters where patients exhibit memory gaps, limited health literacy,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Sina Mansouri , Mohit Marvania , Vibhavari Ashok Shihorkar , Han Ngoc Tran , Kazhal Shafiei , Mehrdad Fazli , Yikuan Li , Ziwei Zhu

There is growing interest in using machine learning (ML) to support clinical diagnosis, but most approaches rely on static, fully observed datasets and fail to reflect the sequential, resource-aware reasoning clinicians use in practice.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Silas Ruhrberg Estévez , Nicolás Astorga , Mihaela van der Schaar

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) has significantly influenced numerous fields, including healthcare, by enhancing the capabilities of automated systems to process and generate human-like text. However, despite their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Mohit Gupta , Akiko Aizawa , Rajiv Ratn Shah

Current medical AI systems often fail to replicate real-world clinical reasoning, as they are predominantly trained and evaluated on static text and question-answer tasks. These tuning methods and benchmarks overlook critical aspects like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Zijie Liu , Xinyu Zhao , Jie Peng , Zhuangdi Zhu , Qingyu Chen , Kaidi Xu , Xia Hu , Tianlong Chen

Large language models (LLMs) hold promise in clinical decision support but face major challenges in safety evaluation and effectiveness validation. We developed the Clinical Safety-Effectiveness Dual-Track Benchmark (CSEDB), a…

Traditional benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) typically rely on static evaluations through storytelling or opinion expression, which fail to capture the dynamic requirements of real-time information processing in contemporary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Jingyao Li , Hao Sun , Zile Qiao , Yong Jiang , Pengjun Xie , Fei Huang , Hong Xu , Jiaya Jia

LLMs have demonstrated impressive performance in answering medical questions, such as achieving passing scores on medical licensing examinations. However, medical board exams or general clinical questions do not capture the complexity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Hanjie Chen , Zhouxiang Fang , Yash Singla , Mark Dredze

Can the rapid advances in code generation, function calling, and data analysis using large language models (LLMs) help automate the search and verification of hypotheses purely from a set of provided datasets? To evaluate this question, we…

Medical Large language models achieve strong scores on standard benchmarks; however, the transfer of those results to safe and reliable performance in clinical workflows remains a challenge. This survey reframes evaluation through a…

Medical document analysis plays a crucial role in extracting essential clinical insights from unstructured healthcare records, supporting critical tasks such as differential diagnosis. Determining the most probable condition among…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Lei Kang , Xuanshuo Fu , Oriol Ramos Terrades , Javier Vazquez-Corral , Ernest Valveny , Dimosthenis Karatzas

An effective healthcare agent must be able to recall and reason over a patient's longitudinal medical history. However, the absence of datasets with realistic long-term dialogue timelines limits systematic evaluation. Real clinical text is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Hebin Hu , Renke Dai , Ah-Hwee Tan , Yilin Kang