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Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a computational approach to reward-driven learning in sequential decision problems. It implements the discovery of optimal actions by learning from an agent interacting with an environment rather than from…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-06 Mauricio Tec , Yunshan Duan , Peter Müller

Managing disruptions in railway traffic management is a major challenge. Rising traffic density and infrastructure limits increase complexity, making the Vehicle Routing and Scheduling Problem (VRSP) difficult to solve reliably and in real…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Alberto Castagna , Stefan Zahlner , Adrian Egli , Christian Eichenberger , Daniel Boos , Manuel Meyer , Anton Fuxjager

While large language models excel in diverse domains, their performance on complex longhorizon agentic decision-making tasks remains limited. Most existing methods concentrate on designing effective reward models (RMs) to advance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zhicong Lu , Zichuan Lin , Wei Jia , Changyuan Tian , Deheng Ye , Peiguang Li , Li Jin , Nayu Liu , Guangluan Xu , Wei Feng

Recommender systems have been widely applied in different real-life scenarios to help us find useful information. In particular, Reinforcement Learning (RL) based recommender systems have become an emerging research topic in recent years,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Yuanguo Lin , Yong Liu , Fan Lin , Lixin Zou , Pengcheng Wu , Wenhua Zeng , Huanhuan Chen , Chunyan Miao

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a pivotal component of large language model (LLM) post-training, and agentic RL extends this paradigm to operate as agents through multi-turn interaction and tool use. Scaling such systems exposes two…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zheyue Tan , Mustapha Abdullahi , Tuo Shi , Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Chao Yu , Boxun Li , Bo Zhao

Robust reinforcement learning (Robust RL) seeks to handle epistemic uncertainty in environment dynamics, but existing approaches often rely on nested min--max optimization, which is computationally expensive and yields overly conservative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Chenliang Li , Junyu Leng , Jiaxiang Li , Youbang Sun , Shixiang Chen , Shahin Shahrampour , Alfredo Garcia

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shifted in recommendation systems from the discriminative paradigm to the LLM-based generative paradigm, where the recommender autoregressively generates sequences of semantic identifiers…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiawei Feng , Xiaoyu Kong , Leheng Sheng , Bin Wu , Chao Yi , Feifang Yang , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Han Zhu , Xiang Wang , Jiancan Wu , Xiangnan He

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) helps address large-scale and sparse reward issues in reinforcement learning. In HRL, the policy model has an inner representation structured in levels. With this structure, the reinforcement…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-07 Wen-Ji Zhou , Yang Yu

We consider a Continual Reinforcement Learning setup, where a learning agent must continuously adapt to new tasks while retaining previously acquired skill sets, with a focus on the challenge of avoiding forgetting past gathered knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Anthony Kobanda , Rémy Portelas , Odalric-Ambrym Maillard , Ludovic Denoyer

We introduce Hierarchical Transformers for Meta-Reinforcement Learning (HTrMRL), a powerful online meta-reinforcement learning approach. HTrMRL aims to address the challenge of enabling reinforcement learning agents to perform effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Gresa Shala , André Biedenkapp , Josif Grabocka

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) decomposes the policy into a manager and a worker, enabling long-horizon planning but introducing a performance gap on tasks requiring agility. We identify a root cause: in subgoal-based HRL, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Shashank Sharma , Janina Hoffmann , Vinay Namboodiri

The recommender system is an important form of intelligent application, which assists users to alleviate from information redundancy. Among the metrics used to evaluate a recommender system, the metric of conversion has become more and more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-25 Dongyang Zhao , Liang Zhang , Bo Zhang , Lizhou Zheng , Yongjun Bao , Weipeng Yan

Session-based recommendation (SR) models aim to recommend items to anonymous users based on their behavior during the current session. While various SR models in the literature utilize item sequences to predict the next item, they often…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Jyoti Narwariya , Priyanka Gupta , Muskan Gupta , Jyotsana Khatri , Lovekesh Vig

Learning control from pixels is difficult for reinforcement learning (RL) agents because representation learning and policy learning are intertwined. Previous approaches remedy this issue with auxiliary representation learning tasks, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Trevor McInroe , Lukas Schäfer , Stefano V. Albrecht

Efficient spectrum allocation has become crucial as the surge in wireless-connected devices demands seamless support for more users and applications, a trend expected to grow with 6G. Innovations in satellite technologies such as SpaceX's…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-17 Muhammad Ahmed Mohsin , Hassan Rizwan , Muhammad Umer , Sagnik Bhattacharya , Ahsan Bilal , John M. Cioffi

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated a great potential for automatically solving decision-making problems in complex uncertain environments. RL proposes a computational approach that allows learning through interaction in an…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Yisel Garí , David A. Monge , Elina Pacini , Cristian Mateos , Carlos García Garino

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising strategy for finetuning small language models (SLMs) to solve targeted tasks such as math and coding. However, RL algorithms tend to be resource-intensive, taking a significant amount…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Lianghuan Huang , Sagnik Anupam , Insup Lee , Shuo Li , Osbert Bastani

Achieving safe and coordinated behavior in dynamic, constraint-rich environments remains a major challenge for learning-based control. Pure end-to-end learning often suffers from poor sample efficiency and limited reliability, while…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-10 Max Studt , Georg Schildbach

Recent advances in Reinforcement Learning (RL) combined with Deep Learning (DL) have demonstrated impressive performance in complex tasks, including autonomous driving. The use of RL agents in autonomous driving leads to a smooth human-like…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-30 Briti Gangopadhyay , Harshit Soora , Pallab Dasgupta

Online reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are often difficult to deploy in complex human-facing applications as they may learn slowly and have poor early performance. To address this, we introduce a practical algorithm for incorporating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Tong Mu , Georgios Theocharous , David Arbour , Emma Brunskill