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Test-time scaling via explicit reasoning trajectories significantly boosts large language model (LLM) performance but often triggers overthinking. To explore this, we analyze reasoning through two lenses: Reasoning Length Dynamics, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zihao Wei , Liang Pang , Jiahao Liu , Wenjie Shi , Jingcheng Deng , Shicheng Xu , Zenghao Duan , Fei Sun , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Assessing higher-order thinking skills in large language models (LLMs) remains a fundamental challenge, especially in tasks that go beyond surface-level accuracy. In this work, we propose THiNK (Testing Higher-order Notion of Knowledge), a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yongan Yu , Mengqian Wu , Yiran Lin , Nikki G. Lobczowski

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have recently shown promise in solving complex math problems when optimized with Reinforcement Learning (RL). But conventional approaches rely on outcome-only rewards that provide sparse feedback, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Tao He , Rongchuan Mu , Lizi Liao , Yixin Cao , Ming Liu , Bing Qin

Scaling model size and training data has led to great advances in the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, the diminishing returns of this approach necessitate alternative methods to improve model capabilities, particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Daman Arora , Andrea Zanette

Difficult problems, which often result in long reasoning traces, are widely recognized as key factors for enhancing the performance of reasoning models. However, such high-challenge problems are scarce, limiting the size of available…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Si Shen , Fei Huang , Zhixiao Zhao , Chang Liu , Tiansheng Zheng , Danhao Zhu

The ease and speed of spreading misinformation and propaganda on the Web motivate the need to develop trustworthy technology for detecting fallacies in natural language arguments. However, state-of-the-art language modeling methods exhibit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Zhivar Sourati , Filip Ilievski , Hông-Ân Sandlin , Alain Mermoud

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to ranking tasks in retrieval and recommendation. Although reasoning prompting can enhance ranking utility, our preliminary exploration reveals that its benefits are inconsistent and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Huizhong Guo , Tianjun Wei , Dongxia Wang , Yingpeng Du , Ziyan Wang , Jie Zhang , Zhu Sun

Large Vision-Language Models excel at multimodal understanding but struggle to deeply integrate visual information into their predominantly text-based reasoning processes, a key challenge in mirroring human cognition. To address this, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ziwei Zheng , Michael Yang , Jack Hong , Chenxiao Zhao , Guohai Xu , Le Yang , Chao Shen , Xing Yu

Many of the recent capabilities demonstrated by Large Language Models (LLMs) arise primarily from their ability to exploit contextual information. In this paper, we explore ways to improve reasoning capabilities of LLMs through (1)…

This study investigates the in-context learning capabilities of various decoder-only transformer-based language models with different model sizes and training data, including GPT2, SmolLM2, OpenELM, TinyLlama, Stable LM, and Gemma 2. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Yen-Che Hsiao , Abhishek Dutta

While attention has been an increasingly popular component in deep neural networks to both interpret and boost the performance of models, little work has examined how attention progresses to accomplish a task and whether it is reasonable.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-22 Shi Chen , Ming Jiang , Jinhui Yang , Qi Zhao

Reinforcement learning substantially improves reasoning in large language models, but it also tends to lengthen chain of thought outputs and increase computational cost during both training and inference. Though length control methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Daisuke Nohara , Taishi Nakamura , Rio Yokota

Instruction finetuning is standard practice for improving LLM performance, yet it remains unclear whether it enhances reasoning or merely induces surface-level pattern matching. We investigate this by evaluating base and instruction-tuned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Prateek Munjal , Clement Christophe , Ronnie Rajan , Praveenkumar Kanithi

Large Language Models (LLMs) can achieve enhanced complex problem-solving through test-time computing scaling, yet this often entails longer contexts and numerous reasoning token costs. In this paper, we propose an efficient test-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Zhaojian Yu , Yinghao Wu , Yilun Zhao , Arman Cohan , Xiao-Ping Zhang

How do we predict others from patterns in their behavior and what are the computational constraints that limit this ability? We investigate these questions by modeling human behavior over repeated games of rock, paper, scissors from…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-12 Logan Cross , Erik Brockbank , Tobias Gerstenberg , Judith E. Fan , Daniel L. K. Yamins , Nick Haber

This paper presents a novel framework for enhancing reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs) by leveraging iterative reasoning and feedback-driven methodologies. Building on the limitations identified in the SimpleBench…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Soham Sane , Angus McLean

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting improves reasoning but often produces long and redundant traces that substantially increase inference cost. We present SyncThink, a training-free and plug-and-play decoding method that reduces CoT overhead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Gengyang Li , Wang Cai , Yifeng Gao , Yunfang Wu

Recent advancements in large reasoning models (LRMs) like DeepSeek-R1 and OpenAI o1 series have achieved notable performance enhancements on complex reasoning tasks by scaling up the generation length by Chain-of-Thought (CoT). However, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Siao Tang , Xinyin Ma , Gongfan Fang , Xinchao Wang

Large language models often expose their brittleness in reasoning tasks, especially while executing long chains of reasoning over context. We propose MemReasoner, a new and simple memory-augmented LLM architecture, in which the memory…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Payel Das , Ching-Yun Ko , Sihui Dai , Georgios Kollias , Subhajit Chaudhury , Aurelie Lozano

While deep reasoning with long chain-of-thought has dramatically improved large language models in verifiable domains like mathematics, its effectiveness for open-ended tasks such as writing remains unexplored. In this paper, we conduct a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Wanlong Liu , Bo Zhang , Chenliang Li , Shaopeng Lai , Yuning Wu , Xuanyu Lei , Ming Yan