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LLM evaluation is challenging even the case of base models. In real world deployments, evaluation is further complicated by the interplay of task specific prompts and experiential context. At scale, bias evaluation is often based on short…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Jennifer Healey , Laurie Byrum , Md Nadeem Akhtar , Surabhi Bhargava , Moumita Sinha

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to support question answering and decision-making in high-stakes, domain-specific settings such as natural hazard response and infrastructure planning, where effective answers must convey…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Homaira Huda Shomee , Rochana Chaturvedi , Yangxinyu Xie , Tanwi Mallick

LLM-based automatic survey systems are transforming how users acquire information from the web by integrating retrieval, organization, and content synthesis into end-to-end generation pipelines. While recent works focus on developing new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Jiahao Zhao , Shuaixing Zhang , Nan Xu , Lei Wang

Open-ended survey data constitute an important basis in research as well as for making business decisions. Collecting and manually analysing free-text survey data is generally more costly than collecting and analysing survey data consisting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Barbara McGillivray , Gard Jenset , Dominik Heil

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) can now be easily adapted for specific business purposes using custom prompts or fine tuning. These customizations are often iteratively re-engineered to improve some aspect of performance, but after…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Jennifer Healey , Laurie Byrum , Md Nadeem Akhtar , Moumita Sinha

Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled new ways to satisfy information needs. Although great strides have been made in applying them to settings like document ranking and short-form text generation, they still struggle to compose…

Despite demonstrating remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks, large language models (LLMs) have also been found to frequently produce outputs that are incomplete or selectively omit key information. In sensitive domains, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Adam Dejl , James Barry , Alessandra Pascale , Javier Carnerero Cano

Self-detection for Large Language Models (LLMs) seeks to evaluate the trustworthiness of the LLM's output by leveraging its own capabilities, thereby alleviating the issue of output hallucination. However, existing self-detection approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Moxin Li , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Fengbin Zhu , Qifan Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

This paper explores the potential of using Large Language Models (LLMs) to automate the evaluation of responses in medical Question and Answer (Q\&A) systems, a crucial form of Natural Language Processing. Traditionally, human evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Jack Krolik , Herprit Mahal , Feroz Ahmad , Gaurav Trivedi , Bahador Saket

We propose LLM-Eval, a unified multi-dimensional automatic evaluation method for open-domain conversations with large language models (LLMs). Existing evaluation methods often rely on human annotations, ground-truth responses, or multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Yen-Ting Lin , Yun-Nung Chen

Question answering (QA) tasks have been extensively studied in the field of natural language processing (NLP). Answers to open-ended questions are highly diverse and difficult to quantify, and cannot be simply evaluated as correct or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Xiaotian Lu , Jiyi Li , Koh Takeuchi , Hisashi Kashima

This paper introduces a framework for the automated evaluation of natural language texts. A manually constructed rubric describes how to assess multiple dimensions of interest. To evaluate a text, a large language model (LLM) is prompted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Helia Hashemi , Jason Eisner , Corby Rosset , Benjamin Van Durme , Chris Kedzie

Analyzing open-ended survey responses is a crucial yet challenging task for social scientists, non-profit organizations, and educational institutions, as they often face the trade-off between obtaining rich data and the burden of reading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Doug Beeferman , Nabeel Gillani

Human evaluation is indispensable and inevitable for assessing the quality of texts generated by machine learning models or written by humans. However, human evaluation is very difficult to reproduce and its quality is notoriously unstable,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Cheng-Han Chiang , Hung-yi Lee

Evaluating large language models typically relies on human-authored benchmarks, reference answers, and human or single-model judgments, approaches that scale poorly, become quickly outdated, and mismatch open-world deployments that depend…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yanki Margalit , Erni Avram , Ran Taig , Oded Margalit , Nurit Cohen-Inger

LLMs (large language models) such as ChatGPT have shown remarkable language understanding and generation capabilities. Although reference-free evaluators based on LLMs show better human alignment than traditional reference-based evaluators,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yongkang Liu , Shi Feng , Daling Wang , Yifei Zhang , Hinrich Schütze

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional comprehension capabilities and a vast knowledge base, suggesting that LLMs can serve as efficient tools for automated survey generation. However, recent research related to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Xun Liang , Jiawei Yang , Yezhaohui Wang , Chen Tang , Zifan Zheng , Shichao Song , Zehao Lin , Yebin Yang , Simin Niu , Hanyu Wang , Bo Tang , Feiyu Xiong , Keming Mao , Zhiyu li

Automatic evaluation is an integral aspect of dialogue system research. The traditional reference-based NLG metrics are generally found to be unsuitable for dialogue assessment. Consequently, recent studies have suggested various unique,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Chen Zhang , Luis Fernando D'Haro , Yiming Chen , Malu Zhang , Haizhou Li

The rapid growth of research literature, particularly in large language models (LLMs), has made producing comprehensive and current survey papers increasingly difficult. This paper introduces autosurvey2, a multi-stage pipeline that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Siyi Wu , Chiaxin Liang , Ziqian Bi , Leyi Zhao , Tianyang Wang , Junhao Song , Yichao Zhang , Keyu Chen , Benji Peng , Xinyuan Song

Counter narratives - informed responses to hate speech contexts designed to refute hateful claims and de-escalate encounters - have emerged as an effective hate speech intervention strategy. While previous work has proposed automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Jaylen Jones , Lingbo Mo , Eric Fosler-Lussier , Huan Sun
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