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Knowledge tracing (KT) in programming education presents unique challenges due to the complexity of coding tasks and the diverse methods students use to solve problems. Although students' questions often contain valuable signals about their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Doyoun Kim , Suin Kim , Yojan Jo

Many students in introductory programming courses fare poorly in the code writing tasks of the final summative assessment. Such tasks are designed to assess whether novices have developed the analytical skills to translate from the given…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Shruthi Ravikumar , Margaret Hamilton , Charles Thevathayan , Maria Spichkova , Kashif Ali , Gayan Wijesinghe

Recent impressive results from large reasoning models have been interpreted as a triumph of Chain of Thought (CoT), and especially of the process of training on CoTs sampled from base LLMs in order to help find new reasoning patterns. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Karthik Valmeekam , Vardhan Palod , Kaya Stechly , Atharva Gundawar , Subbarao Kambhampati

While a large number of pre-trained models of source code have been successfully developed and applied to a variety of software engineering (SE) tasks in recent years, our understanding of these pre-trained models is arguably fairly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Changan Niu , Chuanyi Li , Vincent Ng , Dongxiao Chen , Jidong Ge , Bin Luo

With the rise of machine learning, there is a great deal of interest in treating programs as data to be fed to learning algorithms. However, programs do not start off in a form that is immediately amenable to most off-the-shelf learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Jordan Henkel , Shuvendu K. Lahiri , Ben Liblit , Thomas Reps

Programmable robots are engaging and fun to play with, interact with the real world, and are therefore well suited to introduce young learners to programming. Introductory robot programming languages often extend existing block-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Florian Obermüller , Robert Pernerstorfer , Lisa Bailey , Ute Heuer , Gordon Fraser

Background and Context. The increasing integration of large language models (LLMs) in computing education presents an emerging challenge in understanding how students use LLMs and craft prompts to solve computational tasks. Prior research…

When learning to code, students often develop misconceptions about various programming language concepts. These can not only lead to bugs or inefficient code, but also slow down the learning of related concepts. In this paper, we introduce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Erfan Al-Hossami , Razvan Bunescu

The incorporation and adaptation of style guides play an essential role in software development, influencing code formatting, naming conventions, and structure to enhance readability and simplify maintenance. However, many of these guides…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Pablo Roberto , Rohit Gheyi , José Aldo Silva da Costa , Márcio Ribeiro

Program tracing, or mentally simulating a program on concrete inputs, is an important part of general program comprehension. Programs involve many kinds of virtual state that must be held in memory, such as variable/value pairs and a call…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-01-19 Will Crichton , Maneesh Agrawala , Pat Hanrahan

When debugging unintended program behavior, developers can often identify the point in the execution where the actual behavior diverges from the desired behavior. For example, a variable may get assigned a wrong value, which then negatively…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Islem Bouzenia , Yangruibo Ding , Kexin Pei , Baishakhi Ray , Michael Pradel

Background and Context: Some skills taught in introductory programming courses are categorized into 1) explaining code, 2) arranging lines of code in correct sequence, 3) tracing through the execution of a program, and 4) writing code from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Dip Kiran Pradhan Newar , Max Fowler , David H. Smith , Seth Poulsen

Code generation and understanding are critical capabilities for large language models (LLMs). Thus, most LLMs are pretrained and fine-tuned on code data. However, these datasets typically treat code as static strings and rarely exploit the…

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly exhibit strong reasoning abilities, often attributed to their capacity to generate chain-of-thought-style intermediate reasoning. Recent work suggests that exposure to code can further enhance these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Lukas Twist , Shu Yang , Hanqi Yan , Jingzhi Gong , Di Wang , Helen Yannakoudakis , Jie M. Zhang

Recent works have shown that chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting can elicit language models to solve complex reasoning tasks, step-by-step. However, prompt-based CoT methods are dependent on very large models such as GPT-3 175B which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Namgyu Ho , Laura Schmid , Se-Young Yun

Creative coding is a rapidly expanding domain for both artistic expression and computational education. Numerous libraries and IDEs support creative coding, however there has been little consideration of how the environments themselves…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Andrew McNutt , Anton Outkine , Ravi Chugh

The purpose of this research is to study the possibility of identifying students, statistically, by analyzing their behavior in different consecutive activities. In this project, there are three different sorts of activities: animated…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Abdulelah Abuabat , Peter Brusilovsky

Pre-trained language models are effective in a variety of natural language tasks, but it has been argued their capabilities fall short of fully learning meaning or understanding language. To understand the extent to which language models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Toufique Ahmed , Dian Yu , Chengxuan Huang , Cathy Wang , Prem Devanbu , Kenji Sagae

Reasoning-capable language models achieve state-of-the-art performance in diverse complex tasks by generating long, explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) traces. While recent works show that base models can acquire such reasoning traces via…

The process of writing code and use of features in an integrated development environment (IDE) is a fruitful source of data in computing education research. Existing studies use records of students' actions in the IDE, consecutive code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Elena Lyulina , Anastasiia Birillo , Vladimir Kovalenko , Timofey Bryksin