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The Clifford group plays a central role in quantum information science. It is the building block for many error-correcting schemes and matches the first three moments of the Haar measure over the unitary group -a property that is essential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-17 Lennart Bittel , Jens Eisert , Lorenzo Leone , Antonio A. Mele , Salvatore F. E. Oliviero

We show that any $n$-qubit Clifford unitary can be implemented using at most $2n$ multi-qubit joint measurements. All the multi-qubit joint measurements used for implementing the Clifford unitary can be chosen to form at most two sets of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Vadym Kliuchnikov , Marcus P. da Silva

Arithmetic operations are an important component of many quantum algorithms. As such, coming up with optimized quantum circuits for these operations leads to more efficient implementations of the corresponding algorithms. In this paper, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Priyanka Mukhopadhyay , Alexandru Gheorghiu , Hari Krovi

In fault-tolerant quantum computation and quantum error-correction one is interested on Pauli matrices that commute with a circuit/unitary. We provide a fast algorithm that decomposes any Clifford gate as a $\textit{minimal}$ product of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-12 Tefjol Pllaha , Kalle Volanto , Olav Tirkkonen

We investigate commutative analogues of Clifford algebras -- algebras whose generators square to $\pm1$ but commute, instead of anti-commuting as they do in Clifford algebras. We observe that commutativity allows for elegant results. We…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Heerak Sharma , Dmitry Shirokov

We seek to develop better upper bound guarantees on the depth of quantum CZ gate, CNOT gate, and Clifford circuits than those reported previously. We focus on the number of qubits $n\,{\leq}\,$1,345,000 [1], which represents the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-26 Dmitri Maslov , Ben Zindorf

One of the most promising routes towards fault-tolerant quantum computation utilizes topological quantum error correcting codes, such as the $\mathbb{Z}_2$ surface code. Logical qubits can be encoded in a variety of ways in the surface…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-11 Ali Lavasani , Maissam Barkeshli

We introduce magic-augmented Clifford circuits -- architectures in which Clifford circuits are preceded and/or followed by constant-depth circuits of non-Clifford (``magic") gates -- as a resource-efficient way to realize approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Yuzhen Zhang , Sagar Vijay , Yingfei Gu , Yimu Bao

We introduce a quantum-inspired approximation algorithm for MaxCut based on low-depth Clifford circuits. We start by showing that the solution unitaries found by the adaptive quantum approximation optimization algorithm (ADAPT-QAOA) for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-25 Manuel H. Muñoz-Arias , Stefanos Kourtis , Alexandre Blais

Clifford circuit optimization is an important step in the quantum compilation pipeline. Major compilers employ heuristic approaches. While they are fast, their results are often suboptimal. Minimization of noisy gates, like 2-qubit CNOT…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-02 Irfansha Shaik , Jaco van de Pol

Clifford circuits -- i.e. circuits composed of only CNOT, Hadamard, and $\pi/4$ phase gates -- play a central role in the study of quantum computation. However, their computational power is limited: a well-known result of Gottesman and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-21 Adam Bouland , Joseph F. Fitzsimons , Dax Enshan Koh

We propose and simulate the performance of a set of fault-tolerant and constant-depth logical gates on 2D toric codes. This set combines fold-transversal gates, Dehn twists and single-shot logical Pauli measurements and generates the full…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Alexandre Guernut , Christophe Vuillot

In this paper is shown an application of Clifford algebras to the construction of computationally universal sets of quantum gates for $n$-qubit systems. It is based on the well-known application of Lie algebras together with the especially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Alexander Yu. Vlasov

We describe stabilizer states and Clifford group operations using linear operations and quadratic forms over binary vector spaces. We show how the n-qubit Clifford group is isomorphic to a group with an operation that is defined in terms of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jeroen Dehaene , Bart De Moor

We investigate quantum circuits built from arbitrary single-qubit operations combined with programmable all-to-all multiqubit entangling gates that are native to, among other systems, trapped-ion quantum computing platforms. We report a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-24 Jonathan Nemirovsky , Lee Peleg , Amit Ben Kish , Yotam Shapira

We introduce Clifford Group Equivariant Neural Networks: a novel approach for constructing $\mathrm{O}(n)$- and $\mathrm{E}(n)$-equivariant models. We identify and study the $\textit{Clifford group}$, a subgroup inside the Clifford algebra…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 David Ruhe , Johannes Brandstetter , Patrick Forré

We describe a simple algorithm for sampling $n$-qubit Clifford operators uniformly at random. The algorithm outputs the Clifford operators in the form of quantum circuits with at most $5n + 2n^2$ elementary gates and a maximum depth of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-18 Ewout van den Berg

Clifford Circuit Initializaton improves on initial guess of parameters on Parametric Quantum Circuits (PQCs) by leveraging efficient simulation of circuits made out of gates from the Clifford Group. The parameter space is pre-optimized by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-25 Théo Lisart-Liebermann , Arcesio Castañeda Medina

The Linear Combination of Unitaries (LCU) method is a powerful scheme for the block encoding of operators but suffers from high overheads. In this work, we discuss the parallelisation of LCU and in particular the SELECT subroutine of LCU…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-22 Gregory Boyd

Since an n-qubit circuit consisting of CNOT gates can have up to $\Omega(n^2/\log{n})$ CNOT gates, it is natural to expect that $\Omega(n^2/\log{n})$ Toffoli gates are needed to apply a controlled version of such a circuit. We show that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-01 Isaac H. Kim , Tuomas Laakkonen
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