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MCP standardizes how LLMs interact with external systems, forming the foundation for general agents. However, existing MCP benchmarks remain narrow in scope: they focus on read-heavy tasks or tasks with limited interaction depth, and fail…

We present Dynamic ReAct, a novel approach for enabling ReAct agents to efficiently operate with extensive Model Control Protocol (MCP) tool sets that exceed the contextual memory limitations of large language models. Our approach addresses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Nishant Gaurav , Adit Akarsh , Ankit Ranjan , Manoj Bajaj

Agentic AI seeks to endow systems with sustained autonomy, reasoning, and interaction capabilities. To realize this vision, its assumptions about agency must be complemented by explicit models of cognition, cooperation, and governance. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Virginia Dignum , Frank Dignum

This work introduces xOffense, an AI-driven, multi-agent penetration testing framework that shifts the process from labor-intensive, expert-driven manual efforts to fully automated, machine-executable workflows capable of scaling seamlessly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Phung Duc Luong , Le Tran Gia Bao , Nguyen Vu Khai Tam , Dong Huu Nguyen Khoa , Nguyen Huu Quyen , Van-Hau Pham , Phan The Duy

Human-AI collaboration faces growing challenges as AI systems increasingly outperform humans on complex tasks, while humans remain responsible for orchestration, validation, and decision oversight. To address this imbalance, we introduce…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Yuanrong Tang , Huiling Peng , Bingxi Zhao , Hengyang Ding , Hanchao Song , Tianhong Wang , Chen Zhong , Jiangtao Gong

The AI agent ecosystem has converged on two protocols: the Model Context Protocol (MCP) for tool invocation and Agent-to-Agent (A2A) for single-principal task delegation. Both assume a single controlling principal, meaning one person or…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Kaiyang Qian , Xinmin Fang , Zhengxiong Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on external tools to perform complex, realistic tasks, yet their ability to utilize the rapidly expanding Model Contextual Protocol (MCP) ecosystem remains limited. Existing MCP research covers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Wenhao Wang , Peizhi Niu , Zhao Xu , Zhaoyu Chen , Jian Du , Yaxin Du , Xianghe Pang , Keduan Huang , Yanfeng Wang , Qiang Yan , Siheng Chen

AI agents are increasingly deployed across diverse domains to automate complex workflows through long-horizon and high-stakes action executions. Due to their high capability and flexibility, such agents raise significant security and safety…

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) and the introduction of the Model Context Protocol (MCP) have significantly expanded LLM agents' capability to interact dynamically with external tools and APIs. However, existing tool…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Elias Lumer , Anmol Gulati , Vamse Kumar Subbiah , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , James A. Burke

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly augmented with external tools through standardized interfaces like the Model Context Protocol (MCP). However, current MCP implementations face critical limitations: they typically require local…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Arash Ahmadi , Sarah Sharif , Yaser M. Banad

Semantic communications (SemCom), as one of the key technologies for 6G, is shifting networks from bit transmission to semantic information exchange. On this basis, introducing agentic artificial intelligence (AI) with perception, memory,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-30 Haixiao Gao , Mengying Sun , Ruichen Zhang , Yanhan Wang , Xiaodong Xu , Nan Ma , Dusit Niyato , Ping Zhang

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in reasoning, planning, and tool usage. The recently proposed Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a unifying framework for integrating external tools…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Yuanhe Zhang , Weiliu Wang , Zhenhong Zhou , Kun Wang , Jie Zhang , Li Sun , Yang Liu , Sen Su

Autonomous AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) with structured function-calling interfaces enable real-time data retrieval, computation, and multi-step orchestration. However, the rapid growth of plugins, connectors, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Norbert Tihanyi , Djallel Hamouda , Leandros Maglaras , Abderrahmane Lakas , Merouane Debbah

The integration of external data services (e.g., Model Context Protocol, MCP) has made large language model-based agents increasingly powerful for complex task execution. However, this advancement introduces critical security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Che Wang , Jiaming Zhang , Ziqi Zhang , Zijie Wang , Yinghui Wang , Jianbo Gao , Tao Wei , Zhong Chen , Wei Yang Bryan Lim

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are evolving from passive observers into active agents, solving problems through Visual Expansion (invoking visual tools) and Knowledge Expansion (open-web search). However, existing evaluations fall…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Qianshan Wei , Yishan Yang , Siyi Wang , Jinglin Chen , Binyu Wang , Jiaming Wang , Shuang Chen , Zechen Li , Yang Shi , Yuqi Tang , Weining Wang , Yi Yu , Chaoyou Fu , Qi Li , Yi-Fan Zhang

To address the steep learning curve and reliance on complex manual file editing and command-line operations in the traditional workflow of the mainstream open-source seismic wave simulation software SPECFEM, this paper proposes an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Yukun Ren , Siwei Yu , Kai Chen , Jianwei Ma

In the current rapidly changing digital environment, businesses are under constant stress to ensure that their systems are secured. Security audits help to maintain a strong security posture by ensuring that policies are in place, controls…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Jia Hui Chin , Pu Zhang , Yu Xin Cheong , Jonathan Pan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agentic systems that plan, memorize, and act in open-world environments. This shift brings new security problems: failures are no longer only unsafe text generation, but can become…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhihang Deng , Jiaping Gui , Weinan Zhang

Agentic AI serving converts monolithic LLM-based inference to autonomous problem-solvers that can plan, call tools, perform reasoning, and adapt on the fly. Due to diverse task execution need, such serving heavily rely on heterogeneous…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Ritik Raj , Souvik Kundu , Ishita Vohra , Hong Wang , Tushar Krishna

A recent area of increasing research is the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in penetration testing, which promises to reduce costs and thus allow for higher frequency. We conduct a review of related work, identifying best practices and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Julius Henke