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Large Language Models (LLMs) often produce inconsistent answers when faced with different phrasings of the same prompt. In this paper, we propose Flip-Flop Consistency ($F^2C$), an unsupervised training method that improves robustness to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Parsa Hejabi , Elnaz Rahmati , Alireza S. Ziabari , Morteza Dehghani

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of rebalancing frequency and transaction costs on the log-optimal portfolio, which is a portfolio that maximizes the expected logarithmic growth rate of an investor's wealth. We prove that…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-01-10 Chung-Han Hsieh , Yi-Shan Wong

Advances in Reinforcement Learning (RL) span a wide variety of applications which motivate development in this area. While application tasks serve as suitable benchmarks for real world problems, RL is seldomly used in practical scenarios…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2021-04-02 Karush Suri , Xiao Qi Shi , Konstantinos Plataniotis , Yuri Lawryshyn

This paper presents a novel approach to e-commerce payment fraud detection by integrating reinforcement learning (RL) with Large Language Models (LLMs). By framing transaction risk as a multi-step Markov Decision Process (MDP), RL optimizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Bo Qu , Zhurong Wang , Daisuke Yagi , Zhen Xu , Yang Zhao , Yinan Shan , Frank Zahradnik

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a central post-training paradigm for large language models (LLMs), but its performance is highly sensitive to the quality of training problems. This sensitivity stems from the non-stationarity of RL:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Ningyuan Yang , Weihua Du , Weiwei Sun , Sean Welleck , Yiming Yang

The inherent non-stationarity of financial markets and the complexity of multi-modal information pose significant challenges to existing quantitative trading models. Traditional methods relying on fixed structures and unimodal data struggle…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-09-11 Yang Chen , Yueheng Jiang , Zhaozhao Ma , Yuchen Cao , Jacky Keung , Kun Kuang , Leilei Gan , Yiquan Wu , Fei Wu

We address the problem of maximizing Gain from Trade (GFT) in repeated buyer-seller exchanges subject to global budget balance constraints. While this problem is well-understood in purely adversarial and stochastic settings, these…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Anna Lunghi , Matteo Castiglioni , Alberto Marchesi

This paper investigates the optimal investment problem in a market with two types of illiquidity: transaction costs and search frictions. Extending the framework established by arXiv:2101.09936, we analyze a power-utility maximization…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-07-22 Tae Ung Gang , Jin Hyuk Choi

We study the martingale optimal transport problem with state-dependent trading frictions and develop a geometric and duality framework extending from the one time-step to the multi-marginal setting. Building on the left-monotone structure…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-14 Pratik Rai

This work extends a previous work in regime detection, which allowed trading positions to be profitably adjusted when a new regime was detected, to ex ante prediction of regimes, leading to substantial performance improvements over the…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-10-10 Piotr Pomorski , Denise Gorse

This paper proposes a simulation-based reinforcement learning algorithm for controlling systems with uncertain and varying system parameters. While simulators are useful for safely learning control policies, the reality gap remains a major…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-14 Junya Ikemoto

This paper considers the optimal portfolio selection problem in a dynamic multi-period stochastic framework with regime switching. The risk preferences are of exponential (CARA) type with an absolute coefficient of risk aversion which…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2011-02-25 Traian A Pirvu , Huayue Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a dominant paradigm for improving the reasoning abilities of large language models, yet its effectiveness varies across tasks and compute budgets. We propose a \emph{relative-budget} theory explaining this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Akifumi Wachi , Hirota Kinoshita , Shokichi Takakura , Rei Higuchi , Taiji Suzuki

Portfolio management via reinforcement learning is at the forefront of fintech research, which explores how to optimally reallocate a fund into different financial assets over the long term by trial-and-error. Existing methods are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Rundong Wang , Hongxin Wei , Bo An , Zhouyan Feng , Jun Yao

Federated continual learning (FCL) allows distributed autonomous fleets to adapt collaboratively to evolving terrain types across extended mission lifecycles. However, current approaches face several key challenges: 1) they use uniform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Beining Wu , Jun Huang

Instruction Fine-Tuning (IFT) has been widely adopted as an effective post-training strategy to enhance various abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, prior studies have shown that IFT can significantly compromise LLMs' safety,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Yanrui Du , Fenglei Fan , Sendong Zhao , Jiawei Cao , Qika Lin , Kai He , Ting Liu , Bing Qin , Mengling Feng

Portfolio optimization is essential for balancing risk and return in financial decision-making. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has stood out as a cutting-edge tool for portfolio optimization that learns dynamic asset allocation using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Himanshu Choudhary , Arishi Orra , Manoj Thakur

In this paper, we propose an equilibrium pricing model in a dynamic multi-period stochastic framework with uncertain income streams. In an incomplete market, there exist two traded risky assets (e.g. stock/commodity and weather derivative)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2012-05-29 Traian A. Pirvu , Huayue Zhang

This study develops and analyzes an optimization model of smart contract adoption under bounded risk, linking structural theory with simulation and real-world validation. We examine how adoption intensity alpha is structurally pinned at a…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-10-09 Jinho Cha , Long Pham , Thi Le Hoa Vo , Jaeyoung Cho , Jaejin Lee

Prediction models frequently face the challenge of concept drift, in which the underlying data distribution changes over time, weakening performance. Examples can include models which predict loan default, or those used in healthcare…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Louis Chislett , Catalina A. Vallejos , Timothy I. Cannings , James Liley