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Kleinberg and Mullainathan (2024) recently proposed a formal framework called language generation in the limit and showed that given a sequence of example strings from an unknown target language drawn from any countable collection, an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Yannan Bai , Debmalya Panigrahi , Ian Zhang

The recent work of Kleinberg & Mullainathan [KM24] provides a concrete model for language generation in the limit: given a sequence of examples from an unknown target language, the goal is to generate new examples from the target language…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Moses Charikar , Chirag Pabbaraju

Kleinberg and Mullainathan recently proposed a formal framework for studying the phenomenon of language generation, called language generation in the limit. In this model, an adversary gives an enumeration of example strings from an unknown…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Aaron Li , Ian Zhang

We investigate language generation in the limit - a model by Kleinberg and Mullainathan [NeurIPS 2024] and extended by Li, Raman, and Tewari [COLT 2025]. While Kleinberg and Mullainathan proved generation is possible for all countable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Steve Hanneke , Amin Karbasi , Anay Mehrotra , Grigoris Velegkas

The recent successes of large language models (LLMs) have led to a surge of theoretical research into language generation. A recent line of work proposes an abstract view, called language generation in the limit, where generation is seen as…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-22 Jon Kleinberg , Fan Wei

The success of large language models (LLMs) has motivated formal theories of language generation and learning. We study the framework of \emph{language generation in the limit}, where an adversary enumerates strings from an unknown language…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Jon Kleinberg , Fan Wei

We investigate the learning task of language generation in the limit, but shift focus from the traditional time-of-last-mistake metric of a generator's success to a new notion of "mistake-bounded generation." While existing results for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jon Kleinberg , Charlotte Peale , Omer Reingold

We study language generation in the limit, where an algorithm observes an adversarial enumeration of strings from an unknown target language $K$ and must eventually generate new, unseen strings from $K$. Kleinberg and Mullainathan [KM24]…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-11 Anay Mehrotra , Grigoris Velegkas , Xifan Yu , Felix Zhou

We study language generation in the limit - introduced by Kleinberg and Mullainathan [KM24] - building on classical works of Gold [Gol67] and Angluin [Ang79]. [KM24]'s main result is an algorithm for generating from any countable language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Alkis Kalavasis , Anay Mehrotra , Grigoris Velegkas

Although current large language models are complex, the most basic specifications of the underlying language generation problem itself are simple to state: given a finite set of training samples from an unknown language, produce valid new…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Jon Kleinberg , Sendhil Mullainathan

Kleinberg and Mullainathan showed that language generation in the limit is always possible at the level of computability: given enough positive examples, a learner can eventually generate data indistinguishable from a target language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Marcelo Arenas , Pablo Barceló , Luis Cofré , Alexander Kozachinskiy

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive abilities in many applications. When a concrete and precise answer is desired, it is important to have a quantitative estimation of the potential error rate. However, this can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Theodore Zhao , Mu Wei , J. Samuel Preston , Hoifung Poon

We study language generation in the limit under bounded memory. In this task, a learner observes examples from an unknown target language one at a time and must eventually output only new valid examples. Prior work assumes access to the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Jon Kleinberg , Anay Mehrotra , Amin Saberi , Grigoris Velegkas

We study language generation in the limit under a global preference ordering on strings, as introduced by Kleinberg and Wei. As is done in previous work, we aim for breadth, but impose an additional requirement of timeliness: higher-ranked…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Atul Ganju , Travis McVoy , Shaddin Dughmi , Shang-Hua Teng

We study the task, for a given language $L$, of enumerating the (generally infinite) sequence of its words, without repetitions, while bounding the delay between two consecutive words. To allow for delay bounds that do not depend on the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Antoine Amarilli , Mikaël Monet

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate synthetic textual data for training smaller specialized models. However, a comparison of various generation strategies for low-resource language settings is lacking. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Tatiana Anikina , Jan Cegin , Jakub Simko , Simon Ostermann

Simultaneous generation models write generation results while reading streaming inputs, necessitating a policy-maker to determine the appropriate output timing. Existing simultaneous generation methods generally adopt the traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Shoutao Guo , Shaolei Zhang , Zhengrui Ma , Yang Feng

While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge, they still face persistent challenges in retrieval inefficiency and the inability of LLMs to filter out irrelevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Ruobing Yao , Yifei Zhang , Shuang Song , Yuhua Liu , Neng Gao , Chenyang Tu

A line of work in planning uses LLM not to generate a plan, but to generate a formal representation in some planning language, which can be input into a symbolic solver to deterministically find a plan. While showing improved trust and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Prabhu Prakash Kagitha , Bo Sun , Ishan Desai , Andrew Zhu , Cassie Huang , Manling Li , Ziyang Li , Li Zhang

We propose a novel approach to conformal prediction for generative language models (LMs). Standard conformal prediction produces prediction sets -- in place of single predictions -- that have rigorous, statistical performance guarantees. LM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Victor Quach , Adam Fisch , Tal Schuster , Adam Yala , Jae Ho Sohn , Tommi S. Jaakkola , Regina Barzilay
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