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Recent work has identified retrieval heads, a subset of attention heads responsible for retrieving salient information in long-context language models (LMs), as measured by their copy-paste behavior in Needlein-a-Haystack tasks. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Wuwei Zhang , Fangcong Yin , Howard Yen , Danqi Chen , Xi Ye

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been explored as fine-grained zero-shot re-rankers by leveraging attention signals to estimate document relevance. However, existing methods either aggregate attention signals across all heads or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yuxing Tian , Fengran Mo , Zhiqi Huang , Weixu Zhang , Jian-Yun Nie

Large Language Models (LLMs) often hallucinate, producing unfaithful or factually incorrect outputs by misrepresenting the provided context or incorrectly recalling internal knowledge. Recent studies have identified specific attention heads…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Aryo Pradipta Gema , Chen Jin , Ahmed Abdulaal , Tom Diethe , Philip Teare , Beatrice Alex , Pasquale Minervini , Amrutha Saseendran

Large language models (LLMs) struggle in knowledge-intensive tasks, as retrievers often overfit to surface similarity and fail on queries involving complex logical relations. The capacity for logical analysis is inherent in model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Wenxuan Zhang , Yuan-Hao Jiang , Changyong Qi , Rui Jia , Yonghe Wu

Advances in mechanistic interpretability have identified special attention heads, known as retrieval heads, that are responsible for retrieving information from the context. However, the role of these retrieval heads in improving model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Youmi Ma , Naoaki Okazaki

Built upon the existing analysis of retrieval heads in large language models, we propose an alternative reranking framework that trains models to estimate passage-query relevance using the attention scores of selected heads. This approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yuqing Li , Jiangnan Li , Mo Yu , Guoxuan Ding , Zheng Lin , Weiping Wang , Jie Zhou

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across diverse visual tasks, yet their performance degrades in complex visual environments. While existing enhancement approaches require additional training, rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Yuyao Ge , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Lingrui Mei , Baolong Bi , Xuanshan Zhou , Jiayu Yao , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

The strong capabilities of recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have made them highly effective for zero-shot re-ranking task. Attention-based re-ranking methods, which derive relevance scores directly from attention weights, offer an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yuxing Tian , Fengran Mo , Weixu Zhang , Yiyan Qi , Jian-Yun Nie

Zero-shot document re-ranking with Large Language Models (LLMs) has evolved from Pointwise methods to Listwise and Setwise approaches that optimize computational efficiency. Despite their success, these methods predominantly rely on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Haodong Chen , Shengyao Zhuang , Zheng Yao , Guido Zuccon , Teerapong Leelanupab

Information retrieval (IR) systems have played a vital role in modern digital life and have cemented their continued usefulness in this new era of generative AI via retrieval-augmented generation. With strong language processing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Shijie Chen , Bernal Jiménez Gutiérrez , Yu Su

Large vision-language models increasingly rely on long-context modeling to reason over documents, hour-level videos, and long-horizon agent trajectories, requiring them to locate relevant evidence across interleaved text and images. Prior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Aaron Branson Cigres Li , Zhaowei Wang , Yu Zhao , Yiming Du , Haobo Li , Xiyu Ren , Ginny Wong , Simon See , Lishu Luo , Haodong Duan , Pasquale Minervini , Yangqiu Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated superior listwise ranking performance. However, their superior performance often relies on large-scale parameters (\eg, GPT-4) and a repetitive sliding window process, which introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Wenhan Liu , Xinyu Ma , Yutao Zhu , Lixin Su , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Zhicheng Dou

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on plain text tasks but underperform on structured data like tables and databases. Potential challenges arise from their underexposure during pre-training and rigid text-to-structure…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Jiawei Gu , Ziting Xian , Yuanzhen Xie , Ye Liu , Enjie Liu , Ruichao Zhong , Mochi Gao , Yunzhi Tan , Bo Hu , Zang Li

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their capacity to process long contexts. However, effectively utilizing this long context remains a challenge due to the issue of distraction, where irrelevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zijun Wu , Bingyuan Liu , Ran Yan , Lei Chen , Thomas Delteil

Advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have extended their input context length, yet they still struggle with retrieval and reasoning in long-context inputs. Existing methods propose to utilize the prompt strategy and retrieval head…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Han Peng , Jinhao Jiang , Zican Dong , Wayne Xin Zhao , Lei Fang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced the field of information retrieval, particularly for reranking. Listwise LLM rerankers have showcased superior performance and generalizability compared to existing supervised…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Revanth Gangi Reddy , JaeHyeok Doo , Yifei Xu , Md Arafat Sultan , Deevya Swain , Avirup Sil , Heng Ji

Re-rankers, which order retrieved documents with respect to the relevance score on the given query, have gained attention for the information retrieval (IR) task. Rather than fine-tuning the pre-trained language model (PLM), the large-scale…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Sukmin Cho , Soyeong Jeong , Jeongyeon Seo , Jong C. Park

Despite the recent progress in long-context language models, it remains elusive how transformer-based models exhibit the capability to retrieve relevant information from arbitrary locations within the long context. This paper aims to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Wenhao Wu , Yizhong Wang , Guangxuan Xiao , Hao Peng , Yao Fu

Utilizing large language models (LLMs) for zero-shot document ranking is done in one of two ways: (1) prompt-based re-ranking methods, which require no further training but are only feasible for re-ranking a handful of candidate documents…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Shengyao Zhuang , Xueguang Ma , Bevan Koopman , Jimmy Lin , Guido Zuccon

Language models can use verifiable rewards to improve at a wide variety of reasoning tasks. However, both parametric (e.g. RLVR) and non-parametric (e.g. prompt optimization) approaches to doing so typically require hundreds of training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Linas Nasvytis , Simon Jerome Han , Ben Prystawski , Satchel Grant , Noah D. Goodman , Judith E. Fan
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