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Dense retrieval is a crucial task in Information Retrieval (IR), serving as the basis for downstream tasks such as re-ranking and augmenting generation. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive semantic…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Hengran Zhang , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo , Xiaojie Sun , Shihao Liu , Daiting Shi , Dawei Yin , Xueqi Cheng

Dense retrievers have achieved impressive performance, but their demand for abundant training data limits their application scenarios. Contrastive pre-training, which constructs pseudo-positive examples from unlabeled data, has shown great…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Yibin Lei , Liang Ding , Yu Cao , Changtong Zan , Andrew Yates , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently show distracted attention due to irrelevant information in the input, which severely impairs their long-context capabilities. Inspired by recent studies on the effectiveness of retrieval heads in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Weihao Liu , Ning Wu , Shiping Yang , Wenbiao Ding , Shining Liang , Ming Gong , Dongmei Zhang

Image retrieval remains a fundamental yet challenging problem in computer vision. While recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities, existing methods typically employ them only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Shangrong Wu , Yanghong Zhou , Yang Chen , Feng Zhang , P. Y. Mok

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong capabilities in document re-ranking, a key component in modern Information Retrieval (IR) systems. However, existing LLM-based approaches face notable limitations, including ranking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Pinhuan Wang , Zhiqiu Xia , Chunhua Liao , Feiyi Wang , Hang Liu

In this paper, we introduce a contrastive learning framework for keypoint detection (CoKe). Keypoint detection differs from other visual tasks where contrastive learning has been applied because the input is a set of images in which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Yutong Bai , Angtian Wang , Adam Kortylewski , Alan Yuille

While many advanced LLMs are designed to handle long sequence data, we can still observe notable quality degradation even within the sequence limit. In this work, we introduce a novel approach called Scaling to Emphasize Attention for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Changhun Lee , Minsang Seok , Jun-gyu Jin , Younghyun Cho , Eunhyeok Park

In a number of information retrieval applications (e.g., patent search, literature review, due diligence, etc.), preventing false negatives is more important than preventing false positives. However, approaches designed to reduce review…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Timo Kats , Peter van der Putten , Jan Scholtes

Recent work has identified a subset of attention heads in Transformer as retrieval heads, which are responsible for retrieving information from the context. In this work, we first investigate retrieval heads in multilingual contexts. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Shaswat Patel , Vishvesh Trivedi , Yue Han , Yihuai Hong , Eunsol Choi

In this paper, we introduce Rank-R1, a novel LLM-based reranker that performs reasoning over both the user query and candidate documents before performing the ranking task. Existing document reranking methods based on large language models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Shengyao Zhuang , Xueguang Ma , Bevan Koopman , Jimmy Lin , Guido Zuccon

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in a variety of tasks, but remain largely opaque in terms of their internal mechanisms. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial to improve their reasoning abilities.…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-15 Xueqi Ma , Jun Wang , Yanbei Jiang , Sarah Monazam Erfani , Tongliang Liu , James Bailey

Listwise reranking utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art retrieval effectiveness. Recently, reasoning-enhanced models have further pushed these boundaries by employing Chain-of-Thought (CoT) to perform deep…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Danyang Liu , Kan Li

Decoding-free reranking methods that read relevance signals directly from LLM attention weights offer significant latency advantages over autoregressive approaches, yet suffer from attention score homogenization: middle-context documents…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Juyuan Wang , Chenxing Wang , Yuchen Fang , Huiyun Hu , Junwu Du , Aolin Li , Shunlin Rong , Haijun Wu , Jin Xu , Ligang Liu , Dongliang Liao

Learning to rank (LTR) plays a crucial role in various Information Retrieval (IR) tasks. Although supervised LTR methods based on fine-grained relevance labels (e.g., document-level annotations) have achieved significant success, their…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Yiteng Tu , Zhichao Xu , Tao Yang , Weihang Su , Yujia Zhou , Yiqun Liu , Fen Lin , Qin Liu , Qingyao Ai

Large Language Models (LLMs) often rely on long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning to solve complex tasks. While effective, these trajectories are frequently inefficient, leading to high latency from excessive token generation, or unstable…

Adaptive Retrieval-Augmented Generation aims to mitigate the interference of extraneous noise by dynamically determining the necessity of retrieving supplementary passages. However, as Large Language Models evolve with increasing robustness…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jun Feng , Jiahui Tang , Zhicheng He , Hang Lv , Hongchao Gu , Hao Wang , Xuezhi Yang , Shuai Fang

Finding the most relevant person for a job proposal in real time is challenging, especially when resumes are long, structured, and multilingual. In this paper, we propose a re-ranking model based on a new generation of late cross-attention…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Warren Jouanneau , Emma Jouffroy , Marc Palyart

With the growing popularity of LLM agents and RAG, it has become increasingly important to retrieve documents that are essential for solving a task, even when their connection to the task is indirect or implicit. Addressing this problem…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Junwei Lan , Jianlyu Chen , Zheng Liu , Chaofan Li , Siqi Bao , Defu Lian

Recently, there has been growing interest in collecting reasoning-intensive pretraining data to improve LLMs' complex reasoning ability. Prior approaches typically rely on supervised classifiers to identify such data, which requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Kai Hua , Steven Wu , Ge Zhang , Ke Shen

Cross-modal attention mechanisms have been widely applied to the image-text matching task and have achieved remarkable improvements thanks to its capability of learning fine-grained relevance across different modalities. However, the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Yuxiao Chen , Jianbo Yuan , Long Zhao , Tianlang Chen , Rui Luo , Larry Davis , Dimitris N. Metaxas