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Despite demonstrating remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks, large language models (LLMs) have also been found to frequently produce outputs that are incomplete or selectively omit key information. In sensitive domains, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Adam Dejl , James Barry , Alessandra Pascale , Javier Carnerero Cano

The evaluation of machine-generated image captions poses an interesting yet persistent challenge. Effective evaluation measures must consider numerous dimensions of similarity, including semantic relevance, visual structure, object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-26 David Chan , Suzanne Petryk , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Trevor Darrell , John Canny

The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

Legal decisions are increasingly evaluated for fairness, consistency, and bias using machine learning (ML) techniques. In high-stakes domains like refugee adjudication, such methods are often applied to detect disparities in outcomes. Yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Claire Barale , Michael Rovatsos , Nehal Bhuta

LLM-as-judge frameworks are increasingly used for automatic NLG evaluation, yet their per-instance reliability remains poorly understood. We present a two-pronged diagnostic toolkit applied to SummEval: $\textbf{(1)}$ a transitivity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Manan Gupta , Dhruv Kumar

The growing complexity of construction management (CM) projects, coupled with challenges such as strict regulatory requirements and labor shortages, requires specialized analytical tools that streamline project workflow and enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Ruoxin Xiong , Yanyu Wang , Suat Gunhan , Yimin Zhu , Charles Berryman

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning abilities across specialized domains, motivating research into their application to legal reasoning. However, existing legal benchmarks often conflate factual recall with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Wenhan Yu , Xinbo Lin , Lanxin Ni , Jinhua Cheng , Lei Sha

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used as scalable evaluators of model responses in lieu of human annotators. However, imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the LLM judges induce bias in naive evaluation scores. We propose a simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chungpa Lee , Thomas Zeng , Jongwon Jeong , Jy-yong Sohn , Kangwook Lee

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to support the analysis of complex financial disclosures, yet their reliability, behavioral consistency, and transparency remain insufficiently understood in high-stakes settings. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Md Talha Mohsin

Mainstream methods for Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) based on Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) heavily rely on the statistical correlation between case facts and judgment results. This paradigm lacks explicit modeling of legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuzhi Liang , Lixiang Ma , Xinrong Zhu

Automated \enquote{LLM-as-a-Judge} frameworks have become the de facto standard for scalable evaluation across natural language processing. For instance, in safety evaluation, these judges are relied upon to evaluate harmfulness in order to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Leo Schwinn , Moritz Ladenburger , Tim Beyer , Mehrnaz Mofakhami , Gauthier Gidel , Stephan Günnemann

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly used to analyze text. However, they are often plagued with contextual reasoning limitations when analyzing long documents. When long documents are processed sequentially, early or dominant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Aisvarya Adeseye , Jouni Isoaho , Adeyemi Adeseye

This paper investigates Large Language Models (LLMs) ability to assess the economic soundness and theoretical consistency of empirical findings in spatial econometrics. We created original and deliberately altered "counterfactual" summaries…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Giuseppe Arbia , Luca Morandini , Vincenzo Nardelli

Offering a promising solution to the scalability challenges associated with human evaluation, the LLM-as-a-judge paradigm is rapidly gaining traction as an approach to evaluating large language models (LLMs). However, there are still many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Aman Singh Thakur , Kartik Choudhary , Venkat Srinik Ramayapally , Sankaran Vaidyanathan , Dieuwke Hupkes

Word segmentation stands as a cornerstone of Natural Language Processing (NLP). Based on the concept of "comprehend first, segment later", we propose a new framework to explore the limit of unsupervised word segmentation with Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zihong Zhang , Liqi He , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Hai Zhao , Bo Du

Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) in open-ended scenarios is challenging because existing benchmarks and metrics can not measure them comprehensively. To address this problem, we propose to fine-tune LLMs as scalable judges (JudgeLM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lianghui Zhu , Xinggang Wang , Xinlong Wang

This paper surveys evaluation techniques to enhance the trustworthiness and understanding of Large Language Models (LLMs). As reliance on LLMs grows, ensuring their reliability, fairness, and transparency is crucial. We explore algorithmic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Nik Bear Brown

Despite advances in the field of privacy-preserving Natural Language Processing (NLP), a significant challenge remains the accurate evaluation of privacy. As a potential solution, using LLMs as a privacy evaluator presents a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Stephen Meisenbacher , Alexandra Klymenko , Florian Matthes

We consider the problem of automatically generating textual paraphrases with modified attributes or properties, focusing on the setting without parallel data (Hu et al., 2017; Shen et al., 2017). This setting poses challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Kevin Gimpel

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automatic evaluators of generative AI outputs, a paradigm often referred to as "LLM-as-a-judge." In practice, LLM judges are imperfect predictions for the underlying truth and can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Yiqun T Chen , Sizhu Lu , Sijia Li , Moran Guo , Shengyi Li
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