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When deep learning models are sequentially trained on new data, they tend to abruptly lose performance on previously learned tasks, a critical failure known as catastrophic forgetting. This challenge severely limits the deployment of AI in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Paraskevi-Antonia Theofilou , Anuhya Thota , Stefanos Kollias , Mamatha Thota

Empirical studies suggest that machine learning models trained with empirical risk minimization (ERM) often rely on attributes that may be spuriously correlated with the class labels. Such models typically lead to poor performance during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Sheng Liu , Xu Zhang , Nitesh Sekhar , Yue Wu , Prateek Singhal , Carlos Fernandez-Granda

We consider a continual learning (CL) problem with two linear regression tasks in the fixed design setting, where the feature vectors are assumed fixed and the labels are assumed to be random variables. We consider an $\ell_2$-regularized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Haoran Li , Jingfeng Wu , Vladimir Braverman

The ability to learn in dynamic, nonstationary environments without forgetting previous knowledge, also known as Continual Learning (CL), is a key enabler for scalable and trustworthy deployments of adaptive solutions. While the importance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Andrea Cossu , Antonio Carta , Davide Bacciu

Deep learning models often achieve high performance by inadvertently learning spurious correlations between targets and non-essential features. For example, an image classifier may identify an object via its background that spuriously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Guangtao Zheng , Wenqian Ye , Aidong Zhang

In Continual Learning, a Neural Network is trained on a stream of data whose distribution shifts over time. Under these assumptions, it is especially challenging to improve on classes appearing later in the stream while remaining accurate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Pietro Buzzega , Matteo Boschini , Angelo Porrello , Simone Calderara

Shortcut learning causes deep learning models to rely on non-essential features within the data. However, its formation in deep neural network training still lacks theoretical understanding. In this paper, we provide a formal definition of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Xiayang Li , Kuo Gai , Shihua Zhang

To adapt to real-world data streams, continual learning (CL) systems must rapidly learn new concepts while preserving and utilizing prior knowledge. When it comes to adding new information to continually-trained deep neural networks (DNNs),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Md Yousuf Harun , Christopher Kanan

While deep learning has shown promise in improving the automated diagnosis of disease based on chest X-rays, deep networks may exhibit undesirable behavior related to shortcuts. This paper studies the case of spurious class skew in which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Sarah Jabbour , David Fouhey , Ella Kazerooni , Michael W. Sjoding , Jenna Wiens

The primary goal of training in early convolutional neural networks (CNN) is the higher generalization performance of the model. However, as the expected calibration error (ECE), which quantifies the explanatory power of model inference,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Seungbum Hong , Jihun Yoon , Bogyu Park , Min-Kook Choi

Production deep learning systems across enterprise domains operate under constraints that academic benchmarks routinely obscure: labeled data is expensive, inference budgets are tight, and models that cannot explain their behavior are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Rowan Martnishn

Deep learning has triggered the current rise of artificial intelligence and is the workhorse of today's machine intelligence. Numerous success stories have rapidly spread all over science, industry and society, but its limitations have only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Robert Geirhos , Jörn-Henrik Jacobsen , Claudio Michaelis , Richard Zemel , Wieland Brendel , Matthias Bethge , Felix A. Wichmann

Resource-constrained Edge Devices (EDs), e.g., IoT sensors and microcontroller units, are expected to make intelligent decisions using Deep Learning (DL) inference at the edge of the network. Toward this end, there is a significant research…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Ghina Al-Atat , Andrea Fresa , Adarsh Prasad Behera , Vishnu Narayanan Moothedath , James Gross , Jaya Prakash Champati

Many applications of computer vision require the ability to adapt to novel data distributions after deployment. Adaptation requires algorithms capable of continual learning (CL). Continual learners must be plastic to adapt to novel tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Edison Mucllari , Aswin Raghavan , Zachary Alan Daniels

Continual learning (CL) is a fundamental topic in machine learning, where the goal is to train a model with continuously incoming data and tasks. Due to the memory limit, we cannot store all the historical data, and therefore confront the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Weichen Lin , Jiaxiang Chen , Ruomin Huang , Hu Ding

Machine learning models tend to learn spurious features - features that strongly correlate with target labels but are not causal. Existing approaches to mitigate models' dependence on spurious features work in some cases, but fail in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Phuong Quynh Le , Jörg Schlötterer , Christin Seifert

A common challenge in continual learning (CL) is catastrophic forgetting, where the performance on old tasks drops after new, additional tasks are learned. In this paper, we propose a novel framework called ReCL to slow down forgetting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Pascal Janetzky , Tobias Schlagenhauf , Stefan Feuerriegel

Deep neural networks are increasingly employed in high-stakes medical applications, despite their tendency for shortcut learning in the presence of spurious correlations, which can have potentially fatal consequences in practice. Whereas a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Frederik Pahde , Thomas Wiegand , Sebastian Lapuschkin , Wojciech Samek

Real-world sensor-based learning systems require uncertainty estimation that is both reliable and computationally efficient. Evidential Deep Learning (EDL) provides single-pass uncertainty estimation by modeling the class probabilities via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Berk Hayta , Hannah Laus , Simon Mittermaier , Felix Krahmer

Most theoretical studies explaining the regularization effect in deep learning have only focused on gradient descent with a sufficient small learning rate or even gradient flow (infinitesimal learning rate). Such researches, however, have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-17 Wei Huang , Weitao Du , Richard Yi Da Xu , Chunrui Liu