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AI chatbots are becoming a primary interface for seeking information. As their popularity grows, chatbot providers are starting to deploy advertising and analytics. Despite this, tracking on AI chatbots has not been systematically studied.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Muhammad Jazlan , Ethan Wang , Yash Vekaria , Zubair Shafiq

Human feedback is critical for aligning AI systems to human values. As AI capabilities improve and AI is used to tackle more challenging tasks, verifying quality and safety becomes increasingly challenging. This paper explores how we can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Rishub Jain , Sophie Bridgers , Lili Janzer , Rory Greig , Tian Huey Teh , Vladimir Mikulik

Every step we take in the digital world leaves behind a record of our behavior; a digital footprint. Research has suggested that algorithms can translate these digital footprints into accurate estimates of psychological characteristics,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Yanou Ramon , Sandra C. Matz , R. A. Farrokhnia , David Martens

As people increasingly seek emotional support and companionship from AI chatbots, understanding how such interactions impact mental well-being becomes critical. We conducted a four-week randomized controlled experiment (n=981, >300k…

With the increasing use of Artificial Intelligence in Natural Language Processing, concerns have been raised regarding the detection of AI-generated text in various domains. This study aims to investigate this issue by proposing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Panagiotis C. Theocharopoulos , Spiros V. Georgakopoulos , Sotiris K. Tasoulis , Vassilis P. Plagianakos

Measuring progress is fundamental to the advancement of any scientific field. As benchmarks play an increasingly central role, they also grow more susceptible to distortion. Chatbot Arena has emerged as the go-to leaderboard for ranking the…

As AI systems are increasingly incorporated into domains where human behavior has set the norm, a challenge for AI governance and AI alignment research is to regulate their behavior in a way that is useful and constructive for society. One…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Sunayana Rane

Conversational AI chatbots are transforming industries by streamlining customer service, automating transactions, and enhancing user engagement. However, evaluating these systems remains a challenge, particularly in financial services,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shailja Gupta , Rajesh Ranjan , Surya Narayan Singh

Many ML models are opaque to humans, producing decisions too complex for humans to easily understand. In response, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) tools that analyze the inner workings of a model have been created. Despite these…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Kiana Alikhademi , Brianna Richardson , Emma Drobina , Juan E. Gilbert

General-purpose conversational AI chatbots and AI companions increasingly provide young adolescents with emotionally supportive conversations, raising questions about how conversational style shapes anthropomorphism and emotional reliance.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Pilyoung Kim , Yun Xie , Sujin Yang

AI systems that can capture human-like behavior are becoming increasingly useful in situations where humans may want to learn from these systems, collaborate with them, or engage with them as partners for an extended duration. In order to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Reid McIlroy-Young , Russell Wang , Siddhartha Sen , Jon Kleinberg , Ashton Anderson

Measuring algorithmic bias is crucial both to assess algorithmic fairness, and to guide the improvement of algorithms. Current methods to measure algorithmic bias in computer vision, which are based on observational datasets, are inadequate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Guha Balakrishnan , Yuanjun Xiong , Wei Xia , Pietro Perona

Assessing the personality of software engineers may help to match individual traits with the characteristics of development activities such as code review and testing, as well as support managers in team composition. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Fabio Calefato , Filippo Lanubile

Collaborative problem solving and learning are shaped by who or what is on the team. As large language models (LLMs) increasingly function as collaborators rather than tools, a key question is whether AI teammates can be aligned to express…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Mohammad Amin Samadi , Nia Nixon

We present a review of personality in neural conversational agents (CAs), also called chatbots. First, we define Personality, Persona, and Profile. We explain all personality schemes which have been used in CAs, and list models under the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Richard Sutcliffe

We propose the GFlowNets with Human Feedback (GFlowHF) framework to improve the exploration ability when training AI models. For tasks where the reward is unknown, we fit the reward function through human evaluations on different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Yinchuan Li , Shuang Luo , Yunfeng Shao , Jianye Hao

As frontier AI systems advance toward transformative capabilities, we need a parallel transformation in how we measure and evaluate these systems to ensure safety and inform governance. While benchmarks have been the primary method for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Markov Grey , Charbel-Raphaël Segerie

Predictive systems, in particular machine learning algorithms, can take important, and sometimes legally binding, decisions about our everyday life. In most cases, however, these systems and decisions are neither regulated nor certified.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Kacper Sokol , Alexander Hepburn , Rafael Poyiadzi , Matthew Clifford , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Peter Flach

In pseudonymous online fora like Reddit, the benefits of self-disclosure are often apparent to users (e.g., I can vent about my in-laws to understanding strangers), but the privacy risks are more abstract (e.g., will my partner be able to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Isadora Krsek , Anubha Kabra , Yao Dou , Tarek Naous , Laura A. Dabbish , Alan Ritter , Wei Xu , Sauvik Das

For a growing number of people, AI chatbots have become close personal companions. Despite rising scholarly attention, theoretical accounts of how such relationships develop remain fragmented. Existing frameworks address important aspects…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Nadja Rupprechter , Tobias Dienlin , Tilo Hartmann