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We consider the optimistic bilevel optimization problem, known to have a wide range of applications in engineering, that we transform into a single-level optimization problem by means of the lower-level optimal value function reformulation.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-26 Andrey Tin , Alain B. Zemkoho

Bilevel optimization provides a powerful framework for modelling hierarchical decision-making systems. This work presents a sensitivity-based algorithm that addresses the bilevel structure directly by treating the lower-level optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Eduardo Nolasco , Ross D. King , Vassilios S. Vassiliadis

It is known that Boosting can be interpreted as a gradient descent technique to minimize an underlying loss function. Specifically, the underlying loss being minimized by the traditional AdaBoost is the exponential loss, which is proved to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-06-26 Kaidong Wang , Yao Wang , Qian Zhao , Deyu Meng , Zongben Xu

Strongly motivated from use in various fields including machine learning, the methodology of sparse optimization has been developed intensively so far. Especially, the recent advance of algorithms for solving problems with nonsmooth…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-21 Jan Harold Alcantara , Chieu Thanh Nguyen , Takayuki Okuno , Akiko Takeda , Jein-Shan Chen

With the development of large-scale models, traditional distributed bilevel optimization algorithms cannot be applied directly in low-resource clients. The key reason lies in the excessive computation involved in optimizing both the lower-…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Mingyi Li , Xiao Zhang , Ruisheng Zheng , Hongjian Shi , Yuan Yuan , Xiuzhen Cheng , Dongxiao Yu

There is an increasing need in solving high-dimensional optimization problems under non-deterministic environment. The simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) algorithm has recently attracted considerable attention for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-15 Chen Wang

Hierarchical optimization refers to problems with interdependent decision variables and objectives, such as minimax and bilevel formulations. While various algorithms have been proposed, existing methods and analyses lack adaptivity in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Xiaochuan Gong , Jie Hao , Mingrui Liu

In this paper, we revisit the bilevel optimization problem, in which the upper-level objective function is generally nonconvex and the lower-level objective function is strongly convex. Although this type of problem has been studied…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-08 Yifan Yang , Peiyao Xiao , Kaiyi Ji

Bilevel programs (BPs) find a wide range of applications in fields such as energy, transportation, and machine learning. As compared to BPs with continuous (linear/convex) optimization problems in both levels, the BPs with discrete decision…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-25 Bo Zhou , Ruiwei Jiang , Siqian Shen

In recent years, bilevel approaches have become very popular to efficiently estimate high-dimensional hyperparameters of machine learning models. However, to date, binary parameters are handled by continuous relaxation and rounding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Sara Venturini , Marianna de Santis , Jordan Patracone , Francesco Rinaldi , Saverio Salzo , Martin Schmidt

This paper introduces an interacting-particle optimization method tailored to possibly non-convex composite optimization problems, which arise widely in signal processing. The proposed method, \emph{ProxiCBO}, integrates consensus-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-20 Haoyu Zhang , Yanting Ma , Ruangrawee Kitichotkul , Joshua Rapp , Petros Boufounos

We study bilevel optimization with a fixed polyhedral lower feasible set. Such problems are challenging for two reasons: active-set changes can make the upper objective nonsmooth, and existing hypergradient methods typically require…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-13 Tenglong Hong , Paul Grigas

A bi-level optimization framework (BiOPT) was proposed in [3] for convex composite optimization, which is a generalization of bi-level unconstrained minimization framework (BLUM) given in [20]. In this continuation paper, we introduce a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-28 Masoud Ahookhosh , Yurii Nesterov

Bilevel optimization problems, which are problems where two optimization problems are nested, have more and more applications in machine learning. In many practical cases, the upper and the lower objectives correspond to empirical risk…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-03 Mathieu Dagréou , Thomas Moreau , Samuel Vaiter , Pierre Ablin

When the lower-level optimal solution set-valued mapping of a bilevel optimization problem is not single-valued, we are faced with an ill-posed problem, which gives rise to the optimistic and pessimistic bilevel optimization problems, as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-08-13 Imane Benchouk , Khadra Nachi , Alain Zemkoho

Smooth minimax optimization problems play a central role in a wide range of applications, including machine learning, game theory, and operations research. However, existing algorithmic frameworks vary significantly depending on the problem…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-10 Taoli Zheng , Anthony Man-Cho So , Jiajin Li

Black-box optimization algorithms have been widely used in various machine learning problems, including reinforcement learning and prompt fine-tuning. However, directly optimizing the training loss value, as commonly done in existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Feiyang Ye , Yueming Lyu , Xuehao Wang , Masashi Sugiyama , Yu Zhang , Ivor Tsang

This research reports on the recent development of a black-box optimization method based on single-step deep reinforcement learning (DRL), and on its conceptual proximity to evolution strategy (ES) techniques. In the fashion of policy…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-29 Jonathan Viquerat , Régis Duvigneau , Philippe Meliga , Alexander Kuhnle , Elie Hachem

The probabilistic bisection algorithm (PBA) solves a class of stochastic root-finding problems in one dimension by successively updating a prior belief on the location of the root based on noisy responses to queries at chosen points. The…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-12-14 Peter I. Frazier , Shane G. Henderson , Rolf Waeber

A large number of application problems involve two levels of optimization, where one optimization task is nested inside the other. These problems are known as bilevel optimization problems and have been studied by both classical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-09 Ankur Sinha , Zhichao Lu , Kalyanmoy Deb , Pekka Malo
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