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Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses distribution shifts for streaming test data in unsupervised settings. Currently, most TTA methods can only deal with minor shifts and rely heavily on heuristic and empirical studies. To advance TTA under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Shurui Gui , Xiner Li , Shuiwang Ji

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) is an emerging and challenging task where a model trained in a source domain must adapt to continuously changing conditions during testing, without access to the original source data. CTTA is prone to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Ziqi Shi , Fan Lyu , Ye Liu , Fanhua Shang , Fuyuan Hu , Wei Feng , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) seeks to tackle potential distribution shifts between training and test data by adapting a given model w.r.t. any test sample. Although recent TTA has shown promising performance, we still face two key challenges:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Mingkui Tan , Guohao Chen , Jiaxiang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yaofo Chen , Peilin Zhao , Shuaicheng Niu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a viable solution to adapt pre-trained models to domain shifts using unlabeled test data. However, TTA faces challenges of adaptation failures due to its reliance on blind adaptation to unknown test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) enables pre-trained models to adapt to continuously evolving domains. Existing methods have improved robustness but typically rely on fixed or batch-level thresholds, which cannot account for varying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Seunghwan Lee , Inyoung Jung , Hojoon Lee , Eunil Park , Sungeun Hong

Real-world time series often exhibit a non-stationary nature, degrading the performance of pre-trained forecasting models. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adjusting models during inference, but existing methods typically update…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Heitor R. Medeiros , Hossein Sharifi-Noghabi , Gabriel L. Oliveira , Saghar Irandoust

Since autonomous driving systems usually face dynamic and ever-changing environments, continual test-time adaptation (CTTA) has been proposed as a strategy for transferring deployed models to continually changing target domains. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Jiayi Ni , Senqiao Yang , Ran Xu , Jiaming Liu , Xiaoqi Li , Wenyu Jiao , Zehui Chen , Yi Liu , Shanghang Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to mitigate performance degradation under distribution shifts by updating model parameters during inference. Existing approaches have primarily framed adaptation around affine modulation, focusing on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Hyeongyu Kim , Geonhui Han , Dosik Hwang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) allows a model to be adapted to an unseen domain without accessing the source data. Due to the nature of practical environments, TTA has a limited amount of data for adaptation. Recent TTA methods further restrict…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Younggeol Cho , Youngrae Kim , Junho Yoon , Seunghoon Hong , Dongman Lee

Test-time adaptation (TTA) intends to adapt the pretrained model to test distributions with only unlabeled test data streams. Most of the previous TTA methods have achieved great success on simple test data streams such as independently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Longhui Yuan , Binhui Xie , Shuang Li

Test-time adaptation (TTA) enhances the zero-shot robustness under distribution shifts by leveraging unlabeled test data during inference. Despite notable advances, several challenges still limit its broader applicability. First, most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Youjia Zhang , Youngeun Kim , Young-Geun Choi , Hongyeob Kim , Huiling Liu , Sungeun Hong

Test-time domain adaptation aims to adapt a source pre-trained model to a target domain without using any source data. Existing works mainly consider the case where the target domain is static. However, real-world machine perception systems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Qin Wang , Olga Fink , Luc Van Gool , Dengxin Dai

Text understanding often suffers from domain shifts. To handle testing domains, domain adaptation (DA) is trained to adapt to a fixed and observed testing domain; a more challenging paradigm, test-time adaptation (TTA), cannot access the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianlun Liu , Zhiliang Tian , Zhen Huang , Xingzhi Zhou , Wanlong Yu , Tianle Liu , Feng Liu , Dongsheng Li

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables pre-trained models to adjust to distribution shift by learning from unlabeled test-time streams. However, existing methods typically treat these streams as independent samples, overlooking the supervisory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Young Kyung Kim , Oded Schlesinger , Qiangqiang Wu , J. Matías Di Martino , Guillermo Sapiro

Continual Test Time Adaptation (CTTA) has emerged as a critical approach for bridging the domain gap between the controlled training environments and the real-world scenarios, enhancing model adaptability and robustness. Existing CTTA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Hyewon Park , Hyejin Park , Jueun Ko , Dongbo Min

Online Test-Time Adaptation (OTTA) has emerged as an effective strategy to handle distributional shifts, allowing on-the-fly adaptation of pre-trained models to new target domains during inference, without the need for source data. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-14 WeiQin Chuah , Ruwan Tennakoon , Alireza Bab-Hadiashar

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to adapt models to sequentially changing domains during testing, relying on pseudo-labels for self-adaptation. However, incorrect pseudo-labels can accumulate, leading to performance degradation.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Fan Lyu , Hanyu Zhao , Ziqi Shi , Ye Liu , Fuyuan Hu , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task investigates effective domain adaptation under the scenario of continuous domain shifts during testing time. Due to the utilization of solely unlabeled samples, there exists significant uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Fan Lyu , Kaile Du , Yuyang Li , Hanyu Zhao , Fuyuan Hu , Zhang Zhang , Guangcan Liu , Liang Wang

Continual test-time adaptation (CTTA) has recently emerged to adapt a pre-trained source model to continuously evolving target distributions, which accommodates the dynamic nature of real-world environments. To mitigate the risk of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Chaoran Cui , Yongrui Zhen , Shuai Gong , Chunyun Zhang , Hui Liu , Yilong Yin

Deep learning models perform poorly when domain shifts exist between training and test data. Test-time adaptation (TTA) is a paradigm to mitigate this issue by adapting pre-trained models using only unlabeled test samples. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Junsu Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Taesik Gong , Sung-Ju Lee
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