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Human Activity Recognition (HAR) models often suffer from performance degradation in real-world applications due to distribution shifts in activity patterns across individuals. Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) is an emerging learning paradigm…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Shuoyuan Wang , Jindong Wang , HuaJun Xi , Bob Zhang , Lei Zhang , Hongxin Wei

Test-time adaptation (TTA) adapts the pre-trained models to test distributions during the inference phase exclusively employing unlabeled test data streams, which holds great value for the deployment of models in real-world applications.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Shuang Li , Longhui Yuan , Binhui Xie , Tao Yang

Long-term test-time adaptation (TTA) is a challenging task due to error accumulation. Recent approaches tackle this issue by actively labeling a small proportion of samples in each batch, yet the annotation burden quickly grows as the batch…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Guowei Wang , Changxing Ding

This paper focuses on the Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task, aiming to enable an agent to continuously adapt to evolving target domains while retaining previously acquired domain knowledge for effective reuse when those domains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 JianChao Zhao , Chenhao Ding , Songlin Dong , Jiangyang Li , Qiang Wang , Yuhang He , Yihong Gong

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) enables pre-trained models to bridge the gap between source and target datasets using unlabeled test data, addressing domain shifts caused by corruptions like weather changes, noise, or sensor malfunctions in test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Yufei Zhang , Yicheng Xu , Hongxin Wei , Zhiping Lin , Xiaofeng Zou , Cen Chen , Huiping Zhuang

Deploying foundational medical Segment Anything Models (SAMs) via test-time adaptation (TTA) is challenging under large distribution shifts, where test-time supervision is often unreliable. While active test-time adaptation (ATTA)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jiayi Chen , Yasmeen George , Winston Chong , Jianfei Cai

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to address distributional shifts between training and testing data using only unlabeled test data streams for continual model adaptation. However, most TTA methods assume benign test streams, while test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Taesik Gong , Yewon Kim , Taeckyung Lee , Sorn Chottananurak , Sung-Ju Lee

Domain shift is a common problem in the realistic world, where training data and test data follow different data distributions. To deal with this problem, fully test-time adaptation (TTA) leverages the unlabeled data encountered during test…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Guoliang Lin , Hanjiang Lai , Yan Pan , Jian Yin

Real-world vision models in dynamic environments face rapid shifts in domain distributions, leading to decreased recognition performance. Using unlabeled test data, continuous test-time adaptation (CTTA) directly adjusts a pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Sarthak Kumar Maharana , Baoming Zhang , Yunhui Guo

Data augmentation is known to contribute significantly to the robustness of machine learning models. In most instances, data augmentation is utilized during the training phase. Test-Time Augmentation (TTA) is a technique that instead…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-20 Masanari Kimura , Howard Bondell

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) is proposed to migrate a source pre-trained model to continually changing target distributions, addressing real-world dynamism. Existing CTTA methods mainly rely on entropy minimization or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Jiaming Liu , Ran Xu , Senqiao Yang , Renrui Zhang , Qizhe Zhang , Zehui Chen , Yandong Guo , Shanghang Zhang

Test-time adaptation is a promising research direction that allows the source model to adapt itself to changes in data distribution without any supervision. Yet, current methods are usually evaluated on benchmarks that are only a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Damian Sójka , Sebastian Cygert , Bartłomiej Twardowski , Tomasz Trzciński

This article presents a comprehensive survey of online test-time adaptation (OTTA), focusing on effectively adapting machine learning models to distributionally different target data upon batch arrival. Despite the recent proliferation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zixin Wang , Yadan Luo , Liang Zheng , Zhuoxiao Chen , Sen Wang , Zi Huang

Cross-domain generalization is an open problem in WiFi-based sensing due to variations in environments, devices, and subjects, causing domain shifts in channel state information. To address this, we propose Domain-Adversarial Test-Time…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Julian Strohmayer , Rafael Sterzinger , Matthias Wödlinger , Martin Kampel

Test time adaptation (TTA) equips deep learning models to handle unseen test data that deviates from the training distribution, even when source data is inaccessible. While traditional TTA methods often rely on entropy as a confidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Afshar Shamsi , Rejisa Becirovic , Ahmadreza Argha , Ehsan Abbasnejad , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Arash Mohammadi

Test-time adaptation (TTA) refers to adjusting the model during the testing phase to cope with changes in sample distribution and enhance the model's adaptability to new environments. In real-world scenarios, models often encounter samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ziqiong Liu , Yushun Tang , Junyang Ji , Zhihai He

Deep classifiers may encounter significant performance degradation when processing unseen testing data from varying centers, vendors, and protocols. Ensuring the robustness of deep models against these domain shifts is crucial for their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Yuhao Huang , Xin Yang , Xiaoqiong Huang , Xinrui Zhou , Haozhe Chi , Haoran Dou , Xindi Hu , Jian Wang , Xuedong Deng , Dong Ni

Since real-world machine systems are running in non-stationary environments, Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task is proposed to adapt the pre-trained model to continually changing target domains. Recently, existing methods mainly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Jiaming Liu , Senqiao Yang , Peidong Jia , Renrui Zhang , Ming Lu , Yandong Guo , Wei Xue , Shanghang Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt a model, initially trained on training data, to test data with potential distribution shifts. Most existing TTA methods focus on classification problems. The pronounced success of classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Chang'an Yi , Haotian Chen , Yifan Zhang , Yonghui Xu , Yan Zhou , Lizhen Cui

Tabular data plays a vital role in various real-world scenarios and finds extensive applications. Although recent deep tabular models have shown remarkable success, they still struggle to handle data distribution shifts, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Zhi Zhou , Kun-Yang Yu , Lan-Zhe Guo , Yu-Feng Li