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As Large Language Models (LLMs) gain agentic abilities, they will have to navigate complex multi-agent scenarios, interacting with human users and other agents in cooperative and competitive settings. This will require new reasoning skills,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Andrei Lupu , Timon Willi , Jakob Foerster

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated solid zero-shot reasoning capabilities, which is reflected in their performance on the current test tasks. This calls for a more challenging benchmark requiring highly advanced reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Maksym Del , Mark Fishel

There is an growing interest in using Large Language Models (LLMs) in multi-agent systems to tackle interactive real-world tasks that require effective collaboration and assessing complex situations. Yet, we still have a limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Sahar Abdelnabi , Amr Gomaa , Sarath Sivaprasad , Lea Schönherr , Mario Fritz

Language models are increasingly deployed in interactive online environments, from personal chat assistants to domain-specific agents, raising questions about their cooperative and competitive behavior in multi-party settings. While prior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Mukul Singh , Arjun Radhakrishna , Sumit Gulwani

Achieving Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) requires AI agents that can not only make stratigic decisions but also engage in flexible and meaningful communication. Inspired by Wittgenstein's language game theory in Philosophical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Rong Ye , Yongxin Zhang , Yikai Zhang , Haoyu Kuang , Zhongyu Wei , Peng Sun

Are Large Language Models (LLMs) a new form of strategic intelligence, able to reason about goals in competitive settings? We present compelling supporting evidence. The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) has long served as a model for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Kenneth Payne , Baptiste Alloui-Cros

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents in uncertain, sequential decision-making contexts. Yet it remains poorly understood whether the behaviors they exhibit in such environments reflect principled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Sankalp Dubedy

Static benchmarks capture only part of how large language models behave in practice. Real systems place models inside repeated loops with time limits, formatting constraints, and failure modes. We study this setting in a timed multi-phase…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 H. C. Ekne

As AI systems increasingly assume roles where trust and alignment with human values are essential, understanding when and why they engage in deception has become a critical research priority. We introduce The Traitors, a multi-agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Pedro M. P. Curvo

As Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to both research and daily operations, rigorous evaluation is crucial. This assessment is important not only for individual tasks but also for understanding their societal impact and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Zeeshan Rasheed , Muhammad Waseem , Kari Systä , Pekka Abrahamsson

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at generating human-like dialogues and comprehending text. However, understanding the subtleties of complex exchanges in language remains a challenge. We propose a bootstrapping framework that leverages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Tanushree Banerjee , Richard Zhu , Runzhe Yang , Karthik Narasimhan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as promising tools for malware detection by analyzing code semantics, identifying vulnerabilities, and adapting to evolving threats. However, their reliability under adversarial compiler-level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Ekin Böke , Simon Torka

Recent advancements in Large Language Models(LLMs) have been notable, yet widespread enterprise adoption remains limited due to various constraints. This paper examines bias in LLMs-a crucial issue affecting their usability, reliability,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Vishal Mirza , Rahul Kulkarni , Aakanksha Jadhav

Recent studies have investigated whether large language models (LLMs) can support obscured communication, which is characterized by core aspects such as inferring subtext and evading suspicions. To conduct the investigation, researchers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Byungjun Kim , Dayeon Seo , Minju Kim , Bugeun Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to software engineering (SE), yet their potential for autonomous, role-oriented collaboration remains largely underexplored. Understanding how multiple LLM-based agents coordinate,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been increasingly used in real-world settings, yet their strategic decision-making abilities remain largely unexplored. To fully benefit from the potential of LLMs, it's essential to understand their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Nathan Herr , Fernando Acero , Roberta Raileanu , María Pérez-Ortiz , Zhibin Li

The iterated prisoner's dilemma is a game that produces many counter-intuitive and complex behaviors in a social environment, based on very simple basic rules. It illustrates that cooperation can be a good thing even in a competitive world,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-07 Robert Prentner

Lie detection is considered a concern for everyone in their day to day life given its impact on human interactions. Thus, people normally pay attention to both what their interlocutors are saying and also to their visual appearances,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-01 Nuria Rodriguez-Diaz , Decky Aspandi , Federico Sukno , Xavier Binefa

Mafia (also called Werewolf) is a party game. The participants are divided into two competing groups: citizens and a mafia. The objective is to eliminate the opponent group. The game consists of two consecutive phases (day and night) and a…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-03-13 Piotr Migdał

Language Models (LMs) may acquire harmful knowledge, and yet feign ignorance of these topics when under audit. Inspired by the recent discovery of deception-related behaviour patterns in LMs, we aim to train classifiers that detect when a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Dhananjay Ashok , Ruth-Ann Armstrong , Jonathan May