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Related papers: Rotary Position Encodings for Graphs

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Transformer architectures rely on position encodings to model the spatial structure of input data. Rotary Position Encoding (RoPE) is a widely used method in language models that encodes relative positions through fixed, block-diagonal,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Sophie Ostmeier , Brian Axelrod , Maya Varma , Michael E. Moseley , Akshay Chaudhari , Curtis Langlotz

Positional Encodings (PEs) are a critical component of Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs), providing the attention mechanism with important sequence-position information. One of the most popular types of encoding used today in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Federico Barbero , Alex Vitvitskyi , Christos Perivolaropoulos , Razvan Pascanu , Petar Veličković

We propose a novel positional encoding for learning graph on Transformer architecture. Existing approaches either linearize a graph to encode absolute position in the sequence of nodes, or encode relative position with another node using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Wonpyo Park , Woonggi Chang , Donggeon Lee , Juntae Kim , Seung-won Hwang

Positional encoding is a vital component of Transformer architectures, enabling models to incorporate sequence order into self-attention mechanisms. Rotary Positional Embeddings (RoPE) have become a widely adopted solution due to their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Ali Veisi , Delaram Fartoot , Hamidreza Amirzadeh

Rotary Positional Encoding (RoPE) is widely used in modern large language models. However, when sequences are extended beyond the range seen during training, rotary phases can enter out-of-distribution regimes, leading to spurious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Riccardo Ali , Alessio Borgi , Christopher Irwin , Mario Severino , Pietro Liò

Transformers rely on positional encoding to compensate for the inherent permutation invariance of self-attention. Traditional approaches use absolute sinusoidal embeddings or learned positional vectors, while more recent methods emphasize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Chase van de Geijn , Ayush Paliwal , Timo Lüddecke , Alexander S. Ecker

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on positional encodings to provide sequence position information to their attention mechanism. Rotary Positional Encodings (RoPE), which encode relative position by rotating queries and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 André Jonasson

Positional encodings are essential to transformer-based generative models, yet their behavior in multimodal and attention-sharing settings is not fully understood. In this work, we present a principled analysis of Rotary Positional…

Graphics · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Aryan Mikaeili , Or Patashnik , Andrea Tagliasacchi , Daniel Cohen-Or , Ali Mahdavi-Amiri

Unsupervised pre-training on vast amounts of graph data is critical in real-world applications wherein labeled data is limited, such as molecule properties prediction or materials science. Existing approaches pre-train models for specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Viet Anh Nguyen , Nhat Khang Ngo , Truong Son Hy

Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) is the de facto positional encoding in large language models due to its ability to encode relative positions and support length extrapolation. When adapted to vision transformers, the standard axial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Haoyu Liu , Sucheng Ren , Tingyu Zhu , Peng Wang , Cihang Xie , Alan Yuille , Zeyu Zheng , Feng Wang

We prove under practical assumptions that Rotary Positional Embedding (RoPE) introduces an intrinsic distance-dependent bias in attention scores that limits RoPE's ability to model long-context. RoPE extension methods may alleviate this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yu Wang , Sheng Shen , Rémi Munos , Hongyuan Zhan , Yuandong Tian

An important aspect subtending language understanding and production is the ability to independently encode positional and symbolic information of the words within a sentence. In Transformers, positional information is typically encoded…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Felipe Urrutia , Jorge Salas , Alexander Kozachinskiy , Cristian Buc Calderon , Hector Pasten , Cristobal Rojas

Recent advances in Transformer models allow for unprecedented sequence lengths, due to linear space and time complexity. In the meantime, relative positional encoding (RPE) was proposed as beneficial for classical Transformers and consists…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Antoine Liutkus , Ondřej Cífka , Shih-Lun Wu , Umut Şimşekli , Yi-Hsuan Yang , Gaël Richard

Positional encoding is essential for large language models (LLMs) to represent sequence order, yet recent studies show that Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) can induce massive activation. We investigate the source of these instabilities via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jing Xiong , Liyang Fan , Hui Shen , Zunhai Su , Min Yang , Lingpeng Kong , Ngai Wong

Position encoding recently has shown effective in the transformer architecture. It enables valuable supervision for dependency modeling between elements at different positions of the sequence. In this paper, we first investigate various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Jianlin Su , Yu Lu , Shengfeng Pan , Ahmed Murtadha , Bo Wen , Yunfeng Liu

Position information is essential for language modeling. In softmax transformers, Rotary Position Embeddings (\textit{RoPE}) encode positions through \textit{fixed-angle} rotations, while in linear transformers, order is handled via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Sajad Movahedi , Timur Carstensen , Arshia Afzal , Frank Hutter , Antonio Orvieto , Volkan Cevher

The attention mechanism is a core primitive in modern large language models (LLMs) and AI more broadly. Since attention by itself is permutation-invariant, position encoding is essential for modeling structured domains such as language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Songlin Yang , Yikang Shen , Kaiyue Wen , Shawn Tan , Mayank Mishra , Liliang Ren , Rameswar Panda , Yoon Kim

In this work, we theoretically demonstrate that current graph positional encodings (PEs) are not beneficial and could potentially hurt performance in tasks involving heterophilous graphs, where nodes that are close tend to have different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Michael Ito , Jiong Zhu , Dexiong Chen , Danai Koutra , Jenna Wiens

Positional encoding mechanisms enable Transformers to model sequential structure and long-range dependencies in text. While absolute positional encodings struggle with extrapolation to longer sequences due to fixed positional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Chang Dai , Hongyu Shan , Mingyang Song , Di Liang

The Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) mechanism has become a powerful enhancement to the Transformer architecture, which enables models to capture token relationships when encoding positional information. However, the RoPE mechanisms make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yang Cao , Jiayan Huo , Yingyu Liang , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song
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