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Training large language models (LLMs) as interactive agents presents unique challenges including long-horizon decision making and interacting with stochastic environment feedback. While reinforcement learning (RL) has enabled progress in…

Existing benchmarks for large multimodal models (LMMs) often fail to capture their performance in real-time, adversarial environments. We introduce LM Fight Arena (Large Model Fight Arena), a novel framework that evaluates LMMs by pitting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yushuo Zheng , Zicheng Zhang , Xiongkuo Min , Huiyu Duan , Guangtao Zhai

Ensuring the reliability of agent architectures and effectively identifying problematic agents when failures occur are crucial challenges in multi-agent systems (MAS). Advances in large language models (LLMs) have established LLM-based…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Lifan Zheng , Jiawei Chen , Qinghong Yin , Jingyuan Zhang , Xinyi Zeng , Yu Tian

Traditional reinforcement learning and planning typically requires vast amounts of data and training to develop effective policies. In contrast, large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong generalization and zero-shot capabilities, but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Jonathan Light , Min Cai , Weiqin Chen , Guanzhi Wang , Xiusi Chen , Wei Cheng , Yisong Yue , Ziniu Hu

The growing popularity of social deduction games has created an increasing need for intelligent frameworks where humans can collaborate with AI agents, particularly in post-pandemic contexts with heightened psychological and social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Qihui Fan , Wenbo Li , Enfu Nan , Yixiao Chen , Lei Lu , Pu Zhao , Yanzhi Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in interactive environments requiring strategic decision-making, yet systematic evaluation of these capabilities remains challenging. Existing benchmarks for LLMs primarily assess…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Lingfeng Li , Yunlong Lu , Yuefei Zhang , Jingyu Yao , Yixin Zhu , KeYuan Cheng , Yongyi Wang , Qirui Zheng , Xionghui Yang , Wenxin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Language Models (VLMs) possess extensive knowledge and exhibit promising reasoning abilities, however, they still struggle to perform well in complex, dynamic environments. Real-world tasks require…

LLM-based trading agents are increasingly deployed in real-world financial markets to perform autonomous analysis and execution. However, their reliability and robustness under adversarial or faulty conditions remain largely unexamined,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Lewen Yan , Jilin Mei , Tianyi Zhou , Lige Huang , Jie Zhang , Dongrui Liu , Jing Shao

It has been established in recent work that Large Language Models (LLMs) can be prompted to "self-play" conversational games that probe certain capabilities (general instruction following, strategic goal orientation, language understanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Anne Beyer , Kranti Chalamalasetti , Sherzod Hakimov , Brielen Madureira , Philipp Sadler , David Schlangen

Given a strategically complex board game, human players can quickly learn to devise strategies after playing a few rounds. Autonomous agents require similar capabilities in realistic interactive environments, yet existing agent benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Dongdong Hua , Yifei Sun , Renhong Huang , Feng Gao , Chunping Wang , Yang Yang

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from static instruction-followers to autonomous agents necessitates operating within complex, stateful environments to achieve precise state-transition objectives. However, this paradigm is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yucheng Zeng , Weipeng Lu , Linyun Liu , Shupeng Li , Zitian Qu , Chenghao Zhu , Shaofei Li , Zhengdong Tan , Mengyue Liu , Haotian Zhao , Zhe Zhou , Jianmin Wu

The potential of Large Language Model (LLM) as agents has been widely acknowledged recently. Thus, there is an urgent need to quantitatively \textit{evaluate LLMs as agents} on challenging tasks in interactive environments. We present…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have increased the demand for comprehensive benchmarks to evaluate their capabilities as human-like agents. Existing benchmarks, while useful, often focus on specific application scenarios,…

Protecting cyberspace requires not only advanced tools but also a shift in how we reason about threats, trust, and autonomy. Traditional cybersecurity methods rely on manual responses and brittle heuristics. To build proactive and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Quanyan Zhu

The Game Reasoning Arena library provides a framework for evaluating the decision making abilities of large language models (LLMs) through strategic board games implemented in Google OpenSpiel library. The framework enables systematic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Lucia Cipolina-Kun , Marianna Nezhurina , Jenia Jitsev

Large language models (LLMs) are catalyzing the development of autonomous AI research agents for scientific and engineering discovery. We present FM Agent, a novel and general-purpose multi-agent framework that leverages a synergistic…

In recent years, Game AI research has made important breakthroughs using Reinforcement Learning (RL). Despite this, RL for modern tabletop games has gained little to no attention, even when they offer a range of unique challenges compared…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Martin Balla , George E. M. Long , Dominik Jeurissen , James Goodman , Raluca D. Gaina , Diego Perez-Liebana

Agentic LLM frameworks promise autonomous behavior via task decomposition, tool use, and iterative planning, but most deployed systems remain brittle. They lack runtime introspection, cannot diagnose their own failure modes, and do not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Christopher Cruz

Autonomous agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being utilized in complex software systems. However, reliability remains a significant challenge due to unpredictable failures such as hallucinations, execution…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Cheonsu Jeong , Younggun Shin

Reasoning is an essential skill to enable Large Language Models (LLMs) to interact with the world. As tasks become more complex, they demand increasingly sophisticated and diverse reasoning capabilities for sequential decision-making,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Christopher Zhang Cui , Xingdi Yuan , Ziang Xiao , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu , Marc-Alexandre Côté