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As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to rapidly evolve, the realm of Earth and atmospheric sciences is increasingly adopting data-driven models, powered by progressive developments in deep learning (DL). Specifically, DL techniques are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Shengchao Chen , Guodong Long , Jing Jiang , Dikai Liu , Chengqi Zhang

Estimates of energy usage in layers of computing from devices to algorithms have been determined and analyzed. Building on the previous analysis [3], energy needed from single devices and systems including three large-scale computing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Sadasivan Shankar

Modern AI practices all strive towards the same goal: better results. In the context of deep learning, the term "results" often refers to the achieved accuracy on a competitive problem set. In this paper, we adopt an idea from the emerging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Tim Yarally , Luís Cruz , Daniel Feitosa , June Sallou , Arie van Deursen

Fueled by the soaring popularity of large language and foundation models, the accelerated growth of artificial intelligence (AI) models' enormous environmental footprint has come under increased scrutiny. While many approaches have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Pengfei Li , Jianyi Yang , Adam Wierman , Shaolei Ren

Large-scale content analysis is increasingly limited by the absence of observable ground truth or gold-standard labels, as creating such benchmarks through extensive human coding becomes impractical for massive datasets due to high time,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Luis de-Marcos , Manuel Goyanes , Adrián Domínguez-Díaz

In the past decade, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a part of our daily lives due to major advances in Machine Learning (ML) techniques. In spite of an explosive growth in the raw AI technology and in consumer facing applications on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-18 P. Santhanam

The rapid growth in the deployment and scale of modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems has intensified concerns regarding their environmental impacts, yet we still lack a comprehensive view of where and how these impacts arise across…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Katherine Lambert , Sasha Luccioni

The energy demand of modern cloud services, particularly those related to generative AI, is increasing at an unprecedented pace. To date, carbon-aware computing strategies have primarily focused on batch process scheduling or…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Philipp Wiesner , Dennis Grinwald , Philipp Weiß , Patrick Wilhelm , Ramin Khalili , Odej Kao

The rapid growth of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has introduced unprecedented computational demands, driving significant increases in the energy footprint of data centers. However, existing power consumption data is largely…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Roberto Vercellino , Jared Willard , Gustavo Campos , Weslley da Silva Pereira , Olivia Hull , Matthew Selensky , Juliane Mueller

In recent years, the rapid advancement and impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have been evident across various domains. This paper explores the application, implications, and potential of LLMs in building energy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-20 Liang Zhang , Zhelun Chen

The increasing use of language models in automated test script generation raises concerns about their environmental impact, yet existing sustainability analyses focus predominantly on large language models. As a result, the energy and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Pragati Kumari , Novarun Deb

In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) models have grown in size and complexity, driving greater demand for computational power and natural resources. In parallel to this trend, transparency around the costs and impacts of these…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Sasha Luccioni , Boris Gamazaychikov , Theo Alves da Costa , Emma Strubell

As AI inference scales to billions of queries and emerging reasoning and agentic workflows increase token demand, reliable estimates of per-query energy use are increasingly important for capacity planning, emissions accounting, and…

Artificial intelligence (AI) is already driving scientific breakthroughs in a variety of research fields, ranging from the life sciences to mathematics. This raises a critical question: can AI be applied both responsibly and effectively to…

Recent breakthroughs of large language models (LLMs) have exhibited superior capability across major industries and stimulated multi-hundred-billion-dollar investment in AI-centric data centers in the next 3-5 years. This, in turn, bring…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Yuzhuo Li , Mariam Mughees , Yize Chen , Yunwei Ryan Li

This paper examines the European Union's emerging regulatory landscape - focusing on the AI Act, corporate sustainability reporting and due diligence regimes (CSRD and CSDDD), and data center regulation - to assess whether it can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Thomas Le Goff

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to write and refactor research code, expanding computational workflows. At the same time, Green AI research has largely measured the footprint of models rather than the downstream…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Andres Alonso-Robisco , Carlos Esparcia , Francisco Jareño

This work focuses on the high carbon emissions generated by deep learning model training, specifically addressing the core challenge of balancing algorithm performance and energy consumption. It proposes an innovative two-dimensional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Xiang Li , Chong Zhang , Hongpeng Wang , Shreyank Narayana Gowda , Yushi Li , Xiaobo Jin

Traditional electrical power grids have long suffered from operational unreliability, instability, inflexibility, and inefficiency. Smart grids (or smart energy systems) continue to transform the energy sector with emerging technologies,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Roba Alsaigh , Rashid Mehmood , Iyad Katib

Rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) in the last decade have largely been built upon the wide applications of deep learning (DL). However, the high carbon footprint yielded by larger and larger DL networks becomes a concern for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 C. -C. Jay Kuo , Azad M. Madni