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One of the most challenging and exciting subjects in modern astrophysics is that of galaxy formation at the epoch of reionisation. The SKA, with its revolutionary capabilities in terms of frequency range, resolution and sensitivity, will…

The period between the creation of the cosmic microwave background at a redshift of ~1000 and the formation of the first stars and black holes that re-ionize the intergalactic medium at redshifts of 10-20 is currently unobservable. The…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-11-17 Dayton L. Jones , T. Joseph W. Lazio , Jack O. Burns

In the next decade, radio telescopes like the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) will explore the Universe at high redshift, and particularly during the Epoch of Reionisation (EoR). The first structures emerged during this epoch, and their…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-04-26 Emilie Thélie , Dominique Aubert , Nicolas Gillet , Julien Hiegel , Pierre Ocvirk

A remarkable span of frontier astrophysics, from gravitational-wave archaeology to the origin of the elements to interpreting snapshots of the earliest galaxies, depends sensitively on our understanding of massive star formation and…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-06 Peter Senchyna , Calum Hawcroft , Miriam Garcia , Aida Wofford , Janice C. Lee , Chris Evans

The cosmic reionization era, which includes formation of the first stars, galaxies, and AGN, is now one of the most active frontiers of cosmological research. We review briefly our current understanding of the early structure formation, and…

Astrophysics · Physics 2016-11-09 S. G. Djorgovski

The earliest generation of stars, far from being a mere novelty, transformed the universe from darkness to light. The first atoms to form after the Big Bang filled the universe with atomic hydrogen and a few light elements. As gravity…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Rennan Barkana

A major goal of observational and theoretical cosmology is to observe the largely unexplored time period in the history of our universe when the first galaxies form, and to interpret these measurements. Early galaxies dramatically impacted…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-01-27 Adam Lidz

Hydrogen deuteride (HD) is prevalent in a wide variety of astrophysical environments, and measuring its large-scale distribution at different epochs can in principle provide information about the properties of these environments. In this…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-16 Patrick C. Breysse , Simon Foreman , Laura C. Keating , Joel Meyers , Norman Murray

The formation of the first stars and quasars marks the transition between the smooth initial state and the clumpy current state of the Universe. In popular CDM cosmologies, the first sources of light started to form at a redshift z=30 and…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Abraham Loeb

With the advent of the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO), scientists will be able to directly observe the Epoch of Reionization by mapping the distribution of neutral hydrogen at different redshifts. While physically motivated…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-03-10 Damien Korber , Michele Bianco , Emma Tolley , Jean-Paul Kneib

The transformation of cold neutral intergalactic hydrogen into a highly ionized warm plasma marks the end of the cosmic dark ages and the beginning of the age of galaxies. The details of this process reflect the nature of the early sources…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-07 Nickolay Y. Gnedin , Piero Madau

The first light from stars and quasars ended the ``dark ages'' of the universe and led to the reionization of hydrogen by redshift 7. Current observations are at the threshold of probing this epoch. The study of high-redshift sources is…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 Abraham Loeb , Rennan Barkana

We use the photon flux and absorption tracer algorithm presented in Katz et al.~2018, to characterise the contribution of haloes of different mass and stars of different age and metallicity to the reionization of the Universe. We employ a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-12-05 Harley Katz , Taysun Kimm , Martin G. Haehnelt , Debora Sijacki , Joakim Rosdahl , Jeremy Blaizot

In cosmological models favored by current observations, the first astrophysical objects formed in dark matter halos at redshifts starting at z>20, and their properties were determined by primordial H_2 molecular chemistry. These…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Zoltan Haiman

It is thought that the Universe went through an early period known as the Dark Ages, during which primeval density fluctuations grew to form the first luminous objects, marking the beginning of Cosmic Dawn around 100 million years after the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-16 Hyunbae Park , Rennan Barkana , Naoki Yoshida , Sudipta Sikder , Rajesh Mondal , Anastasia Fialkov

The hydrogen 21-cm signal is predicted to be the richest probe of the young Universe including eras known as the cosmic Dark Ages, the Cosmic Dawn when the first star and black hole formed, and the Epoch of Reionization. This signal holds…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-08-01 Anastasia Fialkov , Thomas Gessey-Jones , Jiten Dhandha

There are several planned and ongoing experiments designed to explore the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), the pivotal period during which the gas in the intergalactic medium went from being entirely neutral to almost entirely ionized. These…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2010-08-27 Vibor Jelic

The first generation of redshifted 21 cm detection experiments, carried out with arrays like LOFAR, MWA and GMRT, will have a very low signal-to-noise ratio per resolution element (\sim 0.2). In addition, whereas the variance of the…

The redshifted $21$\,cm signal of neutral hydrogen can be used as a direct probe of the intergalactic medium during Cosmic Dawn\,(CD) and Epoch of Reionization\,(EoR). However, detecting this inherently weak signal has numerous challenges.…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-02-28 Samit Kumar Pal , Abhirup Datta , Aishrila Mazumder

Making the most of next-generation galaxy clustering surveys requires overcoming challenges in complex, non-linear modelling to access the significant amount of information at smaller cosmological scales. Field-level inference has provided…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-02 Ludvig Doeser , Metin Ata , Jens Jasche