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Related papers: Exploring the Early Universe with Deep Learning

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The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Epoch of Reionisation and Cosmic Dawn (EoR/CD) experiments aim to explore the growth of structure and production of ionising radiation in the first billion years of the Universe. Here I describe the…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-22 Cathryn M. Trott

The 21cm line from the spin-flip transition of neutral hydrogen (HI) provides a unique window into the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), the final phase transition of our Universe. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) enables precise measurements of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-09 Yannic Pietschke , Caroline Heneka , Tom Schlenker , Ayodele Ore , Benedikt Schosser

The formation of the first galaxies during cosmic dawn and reionization (at redshifts $z=5-30$), triggered the last major phase transition of our universe, as hydrogen evolved from cold and neutral to hot and ionized. The 21-cm line of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-14 Julian B. Muñoz , Yuxiang Qin , Andrei Mesinger , Steven G. Murray , Bradley Greig , Charlotte Mason

Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, is crucial for understanding galaxy formation and evolution. The 21 cm neutral atomic hydrogen - HI spectral line maps the gas kinematics within galaxies, providing key insights into…

The Epoch of Reionization (EoR) is a unique phase in cosmic history, marked by the ionization of neutral hydrogen by the first luminous sources. The global neutral hydrogen fraction (x_HI) is a key observable for probing this era. This…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-18 Jiajun Zhang , Huanyuan Shan

The cosmic microwave background provides an image of the Universe 0.4 million years after the big bang, when atomic hydrogen formed out of free electrons and protons. One of the primary goals of observational cosmology is to obtain…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-11-27 Abraham Loeb

Understanding the formation and evolution of the first stars and galaxies represents one of the most exciting frontiers in astronomy. Since the universe was filled with neutral hydrogen at early times, the most promising method for…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-15 Rennan Barkana

Modern radio telescope surveys, capable of detecting billions of galaxies in wide-field surveys, have made manual morphological classification impracticable. This applies in particular when the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO)…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-01-09 Philipp Denzel , Manuel Weiss , Elena Gavagnin , Frank-Peter Schilling

The cosmic 21 cm signal is set to revolutionise our understanding of the early Universe, allowing us to probe the 3D temperature and ionisation structure of the intergalactic medium (IGM). It will open a window onto the unseen first…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2018-08-22 Bradley Greig , Andrei Mesinger

The dark ages of the Universe end with the formation of the first generation of stars residing in primeval galaxies. These objects were the first to produce ultraviolet ionizing photons in a period when the cosmic gas changed from a neutral…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-01-15 M. W. Hattab , R. S. de Souza , B. Ciardi , J. -P. Paardekooper , S. Khochfar , C. Dalla Vecchia

Mapping out the first billion years using the 21-cm line with the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) will revolutionize our understanding of the cosmic dawn, reionization and the galaxies that drove these milestones. However, synergies with other…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-07 Andrei Mesinger , Benedetta Ciardi , James E. Davies , Samuel Gagnon-Hartman , Valentina D'Odorico

Understanding the formation and evolution of the first stars and galaxies represents one of the most exciting frontiers in astronomy. Since the universe was filled with hydrogen atoms at early times, the most promising probe of the epoch of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-24 Rennan Barkana

We are in the golden age for the search for high-redshift galaxies, made possible by a combination of new instruments and innovative search techniques. One of the major aims of such searches is to constrain the epoch of reionization (EoR),…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-03-17 Pratika Dayal

Understanding the formation and evolution of the first stars and galaxies represents one of the most exciting frontiers in astronomy. Since the universe was filled with neutral hydrogen at early times, the most promising method for…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-03-12 Rennan Barkana

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will offer an unprecedented view onto the early Universe, using interferometric observations of the redshifted 21cm line. The 21cm line probes the thermal and ionization state of the cosmic gas, which is…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-14 Andrei Mesinger , Andrea Ferrara , Bradley Greig , Ilian Iliev , Garrelt Mellema , Jonathan Pritchard , Mario G. Santos

Star forming galaxies represent a valuable tracer of cosmic history. Recent observational progress with Hubble Space Telescope has led to the discovery and study of the earliest-known galaxies corresponding to a period when the Universe was…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-20 Brant E. Robertson , Richard S. Ellis , James S. Dunlop , Ross J. McLure , Daniel P. Stark

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will have a low frequency component (SKA-low) which has as one of its main science goals the study of the redshifted 21cm line from the earliest phases of star and galaxy formation in the Universe. This 21cm…

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will be the premier instrument to study radiation at centimetre and metre wavelengths from the cosmos, and in particular hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe. The SKA will probe the dawn of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2013-11-19 Minh Huynh , Joseph Lazio

The Epoch of Reionisation (EoR) is the period within which the neutral universe transitioned to an ionised one. This period remains unobserved using low-frequency radio interferometers which target the 21 cm signal of neutral hydrogen…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2021-07-01 J. Kariuki Chege , C. H. Jordan , C. Lynch , J. L. B. Line , C. M. Trott

The present-day Universe is seemingly dominated by dark energy and dark matter, but mapping the normal (baryonic) content remains vital for both astrophysics - understanding how galaxies form - and astro-particle physics - inferring…