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Large language model-based web agents have demonstrated strong performance on realistic web interaction tasks. However, existing evaluations are predominantly conducted under relatively stable and well-behaved interaction conditions, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Haoyue Bai , Dong Wang , Long Chen , Bingguang Hao , Pengyang Shao , Yonghui Yang , Yicheng He , Chenyi Zhuang

Safe navigation is essential for autonomous systems operating in hazardous environments, especially when multiple agents must coordinate using only high-dimensional visual observations. While recent approaches successfully combine…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Viraj Parimi , Brian C. Williams

We introduce a risk assessment framework for digital identification systems, as well as recommended best practices to enhance privacy, security, and other desirable properties in these systems. To generate these resources, we created a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Allison Woodruff , Dirk Balfanz , Will Drewry , Mariana Raykova

Risk and Quality (R&Q) assurance in highly regulated industries requires constant navigation of complex regulatory frameworks, with employees handling numerous daily queries demanding accurate policy interpretation. Traditional methods…

Computer use agents create new privacy risks: training data collected from real websites inevitably contains sensitive information, and cloud-hosted inference exposes user screenshots. Detecting personally identifiable information in web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Nathan Zhao

GUI agents hold significant potential to enhance the experience and efficiency of human-device interaction. However, current methods face challenges in generalizing across applications (apps) and tasks, primarily due to two fundamental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Yuchen Sun , Shanhui Zhao , Tao Yu , Hao Wen , Samith Va , Mengwei Xu , Yuanchun Li , Chongyang Zhang

Stealth attacks pose potential risks to cyber-physical systems because they are difficult to detect. Assessing the risk of systems under stealth attacks remains an open challenge, especially in nonlinear systems. To comprehensively quantify…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-07 Guang Chen , Zhicong Sun , Yulong Ding , Shuang-hua Yang

Web agents based on large language models have demonstrated promising capability in automating web tasks. However, current web agents struggle to reason out sensible actions due to the limitations of predicting environment changes, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Zhouzhou Shen , Xueyu Hu , Xiyun Li , Tianqing Fang , Juncheng Li , Shengyu Zhang

Recent advances in AI agents capable of solving complex, everyday tasks, from scheduling to customer service, have enabled deployment in real-world settings, but their possibilities for unsafe behavior demands rigorous evaluation. While…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sanidhya Vijayvargiya , Aditya Bharat Soni , Xuhui Zhou , Zora Zhiruo Wang , Nouha Dziri , Graham Neubig , Maarten Sap

This paper addresses the problem of children's online safety in the context of the growing digital landscape. With a surge in the use of digital technology among children, there has been an increase in online safety harms, risks and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Vinh-Thong Ta

Enterprises are confronted with an unprecedented escalation in cybersecurity vulnerabilities, with thousands of new CVEs disclosed each month. Conventional prioritization frameworks such as CVSS offer static severity metrics that fail to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yelena Mujibur Sheikh , Awez Akhtar Khatik , Luoxi Tang , Yuqiao Meng , Zhaohan Xi

Industry in all sectors is experiencing a profound digital transformation that puts software at the core of their businesses. In order to react to continuously changing user requirements and dynamic markets, companies need to build robust…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-13 Victor Muntés-Mulero , Oscar Ripolles , Smrati Gupta , Jacek Dominiak , Eric Willeke , Peter Matthews , Balázs Somosköi

Training web agents to navigate complex, real-world websites requires them to master $\textit{subtasks}$ - short-horizon interactions on multiple UI components (e.g., choosing the correct date in a date picker, or scrolling in a container…

With VLM-powered computer-using agents (CUAs) becoming increasingly capable at graphical user interface (GUI) navigation and manipulation, reliable step-level decision-making has emerged as a key bottleneck for real-world deployment. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Zhenyu Wu , Jingjing Xie , Zehao Li , Bowen Yang , Qiushi Sun , Zhaoyang Liu , Zhoumianze Liu , Yu Qiao , Xiangyu Yue , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding

This paper proposes RiskRank as a joint measure of cyclical and cross-sectional systemic risk. RiskRank is a general-purpose aggregation operator that concurrently accounts for risk levels for individual entities and their…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2016-01-26 József Mezei , Peter Sarlin

Risk-based authentication (RBA) is an adaptive security measure to strengthen password-based authentication. RBA monitors additional implicit features during password entry such as device or geolocation information, and requests additional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Stephan Wiefling , Luigi Lo Iacono , Markus Dürmuth

Although general-purpose AI systems offer transformational opportunities in science and industry, they simultaneously raise critical concerns about safety, misuse, and potential loss of control. Despite these risks, methods for assessing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Malcolm Murray , Steve Barrett , Henry Papadatos , Otter Quarks , Matt Smith , Alejandro Tlaie Boria , Chloé Touzet , Siméon Campos

Authentication in financial systems remains a uniquely high-stakes security challenge, where even marginal increases in false acceptance can result in catastrophic monetary loss. Existing deployments of adaptive authentication, which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Supriya Khadka , Sanchari Das

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents show promising capabilities for automating computer-use tasks and facilitating accessibility, but existing interactive benchmarks are mostly English-only, covering web-use or Windows, Linux, and Android…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Pei Yang , Hai Ci , Mike Zheng Shou

Risk assessment is a major challenge for supply chain managers, as it potentially affects business factors such as service costs, supplier competition and customer expectations. The increasing interconnectivity between organisations has put…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-11-27 Alberto Redondo , Alberto Torres-Barrán , David Ríos Insua , Jordi Domingo