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Vision--language models (VLMs) achieve strong performance on many multimodal benchmarks but remain brittle on spatial reasoning tasks that require aligning abstract overhead representations with egocentric views. We introduce m2sv, a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yosub Shin , Michael Buriek , Igor Molybog

Effectively understanding urban scenes requires fine-grained spatial reasoning about objects, layouts, and depth cues. However, how well current vision-language models (VLMs), pretrained on general scenes, transfer these abilities to urban…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Juneyoung Ro , Namwoo Kim , Yoonjin Yoon

Humans naturally possess the spatial reasoning ability to form and manipulate images and structures of objects in space. There is an increasing effort to endow Vision-Language Models (VLMs) with similar spatial reasoning capabilities.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jiahuan Zhang , Shunwen Bai , Tianheng Wang , Kaiwen Guo , Kai Han , Guozheng Rao , Kaicheng Yu

Spatial reasoning is a key aspect of cognitive psychology and remains a bottleneck for current vision-language models (VLMs). While extensive research has aimed to evaluate or improve VLMs' understanding of basic spatial relations, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Mengdi Jia , Zekun Qi , Shaochen Zhang , Wenyao Zhang , Xinqiang Yu , Jiawei He , He Wang , Li Yi

Spatio-physical reasoning, a foundation capability for understanding the real physics world, is a critical step towards building robust world models. While recent vision language models (VLMs) have shown remarkable progress in specialized…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Tiancheng Han , Yunfei Gao , Yong Li , Wuzhou Yu , Qiaosheng Zhang , Wenqi Shao

Vision-language models (VLMs) have advanced rapidly, yet they still struggle with basic spatial reasoning. Despite strong performance on general benchmarks, modern VLMs remain brittle at understanding 2D spatial relationships such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Nahid Alam , Leema Krishna Murali , Siddhant Bharadwaj , Patrick Liu , Timothy Chung , Drishti Sharma , Akshata A. , Kranthi Kiran , Wesley Tam , Bala Krishna S Vegesna

Vision-language models (VLMs) are essential to Embodied AI, enabling robots to perceive, reason, and act in complex environments. They also serve as the foundation for the recent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models. Yet most evaluations of…

Visual grounding refers to the ability of a model to identify a region within some visual input that matches a textual description. Consequently, a model equipped with visual grounding capabilities can target a wide range of applications in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Georgios Pantazopoulos , Eda B. Özyiğit

Understanding and reasoning about spatial relationships is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. While Vision Language Models (VLM) have demonstrated remarkable performance in certain VQA benchmarks,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Boyuan Chen , Zhuo Xu , Sean Kirmani , Brian Ichter , Danny Driess , Pete Florence , Dorsa Sadigh , Leonidas Guibas , Fei Xia

The recent rapid development of Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) has indicated their potential for embodied tasks.However, the critical skill of spatial understanding in embodied environments has not been thoroughly evaluated, leaving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Mengfei Du , Binhao Wu , Zejun Li , Xuanjing Huang , Zhongyu Wei

Recent vision-language (VL) models are powerful, but can they reliably distinguish "right" from "left"? We curate three new corpora to quantify model comprehension of such basic spatial relations. These tests isolate spatial reasoning more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Amita Kamath , Jack Hessel , Kai-Wei Chang

Visual reasoning, particularly spatial reasoning, is a challenging cognitive task that requires understanding object relationships and their interactions within complex environments, especially in robotics domain. Existing vision_language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Simindokht Jahangard , Mehrzad Mohammadi , Abhinav Dhall , Hamid Rezatofighi

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly deployed in embodied environments, where they need produce numerical outputs such as action magnitudes and spatial coordinates. Although these numbers appear meaningful, it remains unclear…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Jianshu Zhang , Yijiang Li , Huifeixin Chen , Haoran Lu , Letian Xue , Bingyang Wang , Han Liu

Large language models (LLMs) and vision language models (VLMs), such as DeepSeek R1,OpenAI o3, and Gemini 2.5 Pro, have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities across logical inference, problem solving, and decision making. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xiaoxing Lian , Aidong Yang , Jun Zhu , Peng Wang , Yue Zhang

Spatial cognition is fundamental to real-world multimodal intelligence, allowing models to effectively interact with the physical environment. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides, existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Peiran Xu , Sudong Wang , Yao Zhu , Jianing Li , Gege Qi , Yunjian Zhang

Vision language models (VLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in integrating linguistic and visual reasoning but remain fundamentally limited in understanding dynamic spatiotemporal interactions. Humans effortlessly track and reason…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Shijie Zhou , Alexander Vilesov , Xuehai He , Ziyu Wan , Shuwang Zhang , Aditya Nagachandra , Di Chang , Dongdong Chen , Xin Eric Wang , Achuta Kadambi

We propose RocketScience, an open-source contrastive VLM benchmark that tests for spatial relation understanding. It is comprised of entirely new real-world image-text pairs covering mostly relative spatial understanding and the order of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Nils Hoehing , Mayug Maniparambil , Ellen Rushe , Noel E. O'Connor , Anthony Ventresque

Spatial reasoning is a core component of human cognition, enabling individuals to perceive, comprehend, and interact with the physical world. It relies on a nuanced understanding of spatial structures and inter-object relationships, serving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Zesen Lyu , Dandan Zhang , Wei Ye , Fangdi Li , Zhihang Jiang , Yao Yang

Spatial understanding is essential for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to support perception, reasoning, and planning in embodied environments. Despite recent progress, existing studies reveal that MLLMs still struggle with spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Wanyue Zhang , Yibin Huang , Yangbin Xu , JingJing Huang , Helu Zhi , Shuo Ren , Wang Xu , Jiajun Zhang

Vision Language Models (VLMs) have achieved impressive performance in 2D image understanding, however they are still struggling with spatial understanding which is the foundation of Embodied AI. In this paper, we propose SpatialBot for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Wenxiao Cai , Iaroslav Ponomarenko , Jianhao Yuan , Xiaoqi Li , Wankou Yang , Hao Dong , Bo Zhao