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Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) have emerged as critical tools in domains where interpretability is paramount. These models rely on predefined textual descriptions, referred to as concepts, to inform their decision-making process and offer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Maor Dikter , Tsachi Blau , Chaim Baskin

Current deep learning models are not designed to simultaneously address three fundamental questions: predict class labels to solve a given classification task (the "What?"), simulate changes in the situation to evaluate how this impacts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Gabriele Dominici , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Martin Gjoreski , Giuseppe Marra , Marc Langheinrich

Concept bottleneck models (CBM) aim to produce inherently interpretable models that rely on human-understandable concepts for their predictions. However, existing approaches to design interpretable generative models based on CBMs are not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Akshay Kulkarni , Ge Yan , Chung-En Sun , Tuomas Oikarinen , Tsui-Wei Weng

Concept Bottleneck Model (CBM) is a methods for explaining neural networks. In CBM, concepts which correspond to reasons of outputs are inserted in the last intermediate layer as observed values. It is expected that we can interpret the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-15 Naoki Hayashi , Yoshihide Sawada

Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in image recognition, yet their inherent opacity poses challenges for deployment in critical domains. Concept-based interpretations aim to address this by explaining model reasoning through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shizhan Gong , Xiaofan Zhang , Qi Dou

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) ensure interpretability by decomposing predictions into human interpretable concepts. Yet the annotations used for training CBMs that enable this transparency are often noisy, and the impact of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Seonghwan Park , Jueun Mun , Donghyun Oh , Namhoon Lee

Catastrophic forgetting remains a fundamental challenge in continual learning, in which models often forget previous knowledge when fine-tuned on a new task. This issue is especially pronounced in class incremental learning (CIL), which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Amirhosein Javadi , Tuomas Oikarinen , Tara Javidi , Tsui-Wei Weng

The design of interpretable deep learning models working in relational domains poses an open challenge: interpretable deep learning methods, such as Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs), are not designed to solve relational problems, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Gabriele Ciravegna , Michelangelo Diligenti , Giuseppe Marra

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offer inherent interpretability by initially translating images into human-comprehensible concepts, followed by a linear combination of these concepts for classification. However, the annotation of concepts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hangzhou He , Lei Zhu , Xinliang Zhang , Shuang Zeng , Qian Chen , Yanye Lu

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) map dense feature representations into human-interpretable concepts which are then combined linearly to make a prediction. However, modern CBMs rely on the CLIP model to obtain image-concept annotations, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Fawaz Sammani , Jonas Fischer , Nikos Deligiannis

Recently, interpretable machine learning has re-explored concept bottleneck models (CBM). An advantage of this model class is the user's ability to intervene on predicted concept values, affecting the downstream output. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Sonia Laguna , Ričards Marcinkevičs , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Julia E. Vogt

Recent concept-based interpretable models have succeeded in providing meaningful explanations by pre-defined concept sets. However, the dependency on the pre-defined concepts restricts the application because of the limited number of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Kosuke Nishida

Despite strong average-case performance, deep learning models often exhibit systematic errors on specific population groups, known as error slices. Identifying these groups and the root causes of their failures is critical for model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yael Konforti , Mateo Espinosa Zarlenga , Elaf Almahmoud , Mateja Jamnik

The main challenges limiting the adoption of deep learning-based solutions in medical workflows are the availability of annotated data and the lack of interpretability of such systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) tackle the latter by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Cristiano Patrício , Isabel Rio-Torto , Jaime S. Cardoso , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Due to the high stakes in medical decision-making, there is a compelling demand for interpretable deep learning methods in medical image analysis. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) have emerged as an active interpretable framework…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yibo Gao , Zheyao Gao , Xin Gao , Yuanye Liu , Bomin Wang , Xiahai Zhuang

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) predict through human-interpretable concepts, but they typically output point concept probabilities that conflate epistemic uncertainty (reducible model underspecification) with aleatoric uncertainty…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tanmoy Mukherjee , Thomas Bailleux , Pierre Marquis , Zied Bouraoui

Concept bottleneck model (CBM) is a ubiquitous method that can interpret neural networks using concepts. In CBM, concepts are inserted between the output layer and the last intermediate layer as observable values. This helps in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-17 Naoki Hayashi , Yoshihide Sawada

Despite the transformative impact of deep learning across multiple domains, the inherent opacity of these models has driven the development of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Among these efforts, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Songning Lai , Jiayu Yang , Yu Huang , Lijie Hu , Tianlang Xue , Zhangyi Hu , Jiaxu Li , Haicheng Liao , Yutao Yue

Ensuring fairness in image classification prevents models from perpetuating and amplifying bias. Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) map images to high-level, human-interpretable concepts before making predictions via a sparse, one-layer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Schrasing Tong , Antoine Salaun , Vincent Yuan , Annabel Adeyeri , Lalana Kagal

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) try to make the decision-making process transparent by exploring an intermediate concept space between the input image and the output prediction. Existing CBMs just learn coarse-grained relations between the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yan Xie , Zequn Zeng , Hao Zhang , Yucheng Ding , Yi Wang , Zhengjue Wang , Bo Chen , Hongwei Liu
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