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Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have emerged as a prominent paradigm for interpretable deep learning, learning by grounding predictions in human-understandable concepts. However, their practical deployment is hindered by the high cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ziye Chen , Hongbin Lin , Jie Li , Lijie Hu

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enhance the interpretability of AI systems, particularly by bridging visual input with human-understandable concepts, effectively acting as a form of multimodal interpretability model. However, existing CBMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Songning Lai , Mingqian Liao , Zhangyi Hu , Jiayu Yang , Wenshuo Chen , Hongru Xiao , Jianheng Tang , Haicheng Liao , Yutao Yue

The lack of transparency in the decision-making processes of deep learning systems presents a significant challenge in modern artificial intelligence (AI), as it impairs users' ability to rely on and verify these systems. To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-18 David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Gabriele Ciravegna , Michelangelo Diligenti , Giuseppe Marra

Recent advances in deep learning have led to increasingly complex models with deeper layers and more parameters, reducing interpretability and making their decisions harder to understand. While many methods explain black-box reasoning, most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Nuoye Xiong , Anqi Dong , Ning Wang , Cong Hua , Guangming Zhu , Lin Mei , Peiyi Shen , Liang Zhang

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are often considered black boxes due to their opaque decision-making processes. To reduce their opacity Concept Models (CMs), such as Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs), were introduced to predict human-defined…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jack Furby , Dan Cunnington , Dave Braines , Alun Preece

As AI models grow larger, the demand for accountability and interpretability has become increasingly critical for understanding their decision-making processes. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have gained attention for enhancing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Angelos Ragkousis , Sonali Parbhoo

While deep learning models often lack interpretability, concept bottleneck models (CBMs) provide inherent explanations via their concept representations. Moreover, they allow users to perform interventional interactions on these concepts by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 David Steinmann , Wolfgang Stammer , Felix Friedrich , Kristian Kersting

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) tackle the opacity of neural architectures by constructing and explaining their predictions using a set of high-level concepts. A special property of these models is that they permit concept interventions,…

The main challenges hindering the adoption of deep learning-based systems in clinical settings are the scarcity of annotated data and the lack of interpretability and trust in these systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offer inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Cristiano Patrício , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are a prominent framework for interpretable AI that map learned visual features to a set of meaningful concepts for task-specific downstream predictions. Their sequential structure enhances transparency by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Mohamed Harmanani , Bining Long , Zhuoxin Guo , Paul F. R. Wilson , Amirhossein Sabour , Minh Nguyen Nhat To , Gabor Fichtinger , Purang Abolmaesumi , Parvin Mousavi

Black-box deep neural networks excel in text classification, yet their application in high-stakes domains is hindered by their lack of interpretability. To address this, we propose Text Bottleneck Models (TBM), an intrinsically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Josh Magnus Ludan , Qing Lyu , Yue Yang , Liam Dugan , Mark Yatskar , Chris Callison-Burch

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in computer vision; however, their black-box nature in decision-making limits interpretability and trust, particularly in safety-critical applications. Interpretability is crucial in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ran Eisenberg , Amit Rozner , Ethan Fetaya , Ofir Lindenbaum

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to deliver interpretable and interventionable predictions by bridging features and labels with human-understandable concepts. While recent CBMs show promising potential, they suffer from information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Ao Sun , Yuanyuan Yuan , Pingchuan Ma , Shuai Wang

We introduce Concept Bottleneck Large Language Models (CB-LLMs), a novel framework for building inherently interpretable Large Language Models (LLMs). In contrast to traditional black-box LLMs that rely on limited post-hoc interpretations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Chung-En Sun , Tuomas Oikarinen , Berk Ustun , Tsui-Wei Weng

Concept bottleneck models (CBM) aim to improve model interpretability by predicting human level "concepts" in a bottleneck within a deep learning model architecture. However, how the predicted concepts are used in predicting the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Matthew Shen , Aliyah Hsu , Abhineet Agarwal , Bin Yu

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) provide inherent interpretability by first mapping input samples to high-level semantic concepts, followed by a combination of these concepts for the final classification. However, the annotation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Yangyi Li , Mengdi Huai

We propose a novel, flexible, and efficient framework for designing Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) that enables practitioners to explicitly encode and extend their prior knowledge and beliefs about the concept-concept ($C-C$) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Nektarios Kalampalikis , Kavya Gupta , Georgi Vitanov , Isabel Valera

Recently impressive performance has been achieved in Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) by utilizing the image-text alignment learned by a large pre-trained vision-language model (i.e. CLIP). However, there exist two key limitations in concept…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Minghong Zhong , Guoshuai Zou , Kanghao Chen , Dexia Chen , Ruixuan Wang

Textual Concept Bottleneck Models (TCBMs) are interpretable-by-design models for text classification that predict a set of salient concepts before making the final prediction. This paper proposes Complete Textual Concept Bottleneck Model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Milan Bhan , Yann Choho , Pierre Moreau , Jean-Noel Vittaut , Nicolas Chesneau , Marie-Jeanne Lesot

Deep learning approaches have recently been extensively explored for the prognostics of industrial assets. However, they still suffer from a lack of interpretability, which hinders their adoption in safety-critical applications. To improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Florent Forest , Katharina Rombach , Olga Fink