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Retrosynthetic planning is a critical task in organic chemistry which identifies a series of reactions that can lead to the synthesis of a target product. The vast number of possible chemical transformations makes the size of the search…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Binghong Chen , Chengtao Li , Hanjun Dai , Le Song

Retrosynthesis, the process of breaking down a target molecule into simpler precursors through a series of valid reactions, stands at the core of organic chemistry and drug development. Although recent machine learning (ML) research has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haorui Wang , Jeff Guo , Lingkai Kong , Rampi Ramprasad , Philippe Schwaller , Yuanqi Du , Chao Zhang

Path planning is a fundamental scientific problem in robotics and autonomous navigation, requiring the derivation of efficient routes from starting to destination points while avoiding obstacles. Traditional algorithms like A* and its…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Silin Meng , Yiwei Wang , Cheng-Fu Yang , Nanyun Peng , Kai-Wei Chang

Identifying reliable synthesis pathways in materials chemistry is a complex task, particularly in polymer science, due to the intricate and often non-unique nomenclature of macromolecules. To address this challenge, we propose an agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Qinyu Ma , Yuhao Zhou , Jianfeng Li

Retrosynthesis planning, essential in organic synthesis and drug discovery, has greatly benefited from recent AI-driven advancements. Nevertheless, existing methods frequently face limitations in both applicability and explainability.…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Situo Zhang , Hanqi Li , Lu Chen , Zihan Zhao , Xuanze Lin , Zichen Zhu , Bo Chen , Xin Chen , Kai Yu

While automated chemical tools excel at specific tasks, they have struggled to capture the strategic thinking that characterizes expert chemical reasoning. Here we demonstrate that large language models (LLMs) can serve as powerful tools…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Andres M Bran , Theo A Neukomm , Daniel P Armstrong , Zlatko Jončev , Philippe Schwaller

The synthesis of complex natural products remains one of the grand challenges of organic chemistry. We present DeepRetro, a major advancement in computational retrosynthesis that enables the discovery of viable synthetic routes for complex…

From medicines to materials, small organic molecules are indispensable for human well-being. To plan their syntheses, chemists employ a problem solving technique called retrosynthesis. In retrosynthesis, target molecules are recursively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Marwin H. S. Segler , Mike Preuss , Mark P. Waller

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated their potential in planning and reasoning tasks, offering a flexible alternative to classical pathfinding algorithms. However, most existing studies focus on LLMs'…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Kechen Li , Yaotian Tao , Ximing Wen , Quanwei Sun , Zifei Gong , Chang Xu , Xizhe Zhang , Tianbo Ji

Molecular retrosynthesis is a significant and complex problem in the field of chemistry, however, traditional manual synthesis methods not only need well-trained experts but also are time-consuming. With the development of big data and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yan Zhang , Hao Hao , Xiao He , Shuanhu Gao , Aimin Zhou

Retrosynthesis is a technique to plan the chemical synthesis of organic molecules, for example drugs, agro- and fine chemicals. In retrosynthesis, a search tree is built by analysing molecules recursively and dissecting them into simpler…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-02-02 Marwin Segler , Mike Preuß , Mark P. Waller

Large language model (LLM) agent evaluators leverage specialized tools to ground the rational decision-making of LLMs, making them well-suited to aid in scientific discoveries, such as constrained retrosynthesis planning. Constrained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Frazier N. Baker , Daniel Adu-Ampratwum , Reza Averly , Botao Yu , Huan Sun , Xia Ning

Large Language Models (LLMs) gain substantial reasoning and decision-making capabilities from thought structures. However, existing methods such as Tree of Thought and Retrieval Augmented Thoughts often fall short in complex tasks due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Jinghan Zhang , Xiting Wang , Weijieying Ren , Lu Jiang , Dongjie Wang , Kunpeng Liu

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted their potential across a variety of tasks, but their performance still heavily relies on the design of effective prompts. Existing methods for automatic prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Chenyi Zhou , Zhengyan Shi , Yuan Yao , Lei Liang , Huajun Chen , Qiang Zhang

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) achieve superior performance by extending the thought length. However, a lengthy thinking trajectory leads to reduced efficiency. Most of the existing methods are stuck in the assumption of overthinking and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Xiaoang Xu , Shuo Wang , Xu Han , Zhenghao Liu , Huijia Wu , Peipei Li , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Zhaofeng He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive ability in generation and reasoning tasks but struggle with handling up-to-date knowledge, leading to inaccuracies or hallucinations. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mitigates…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ziting Wang , Haitao Yuan , Wei Dong , Gao Cong , Feifei Li

Retrosynthesis prediction is a core task in organic synthesis that aims to predict reactants for a given product molecule. Traditionally, chemists select a plausible bond disconnection and derive corresponding reactants, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hanbum Ko , Chanhui Lee , Ye Rin Kim , Rodrigo Hormazabal , Sehui Han , Sungbin Lim , Sungwoong Kim

Large language models (LLM) have achieved impressive progress across a broad range of general-purpose tasks, but their effectiveness in chemistry remains limited due to scarce domain-specific datasets and the demand for precise symbolic and…

Retrosynthesis, which aims to identify viable synthetic pathways for target molecules by decomposing them into simpler precursors, is often treated as a search problem. However, its complexity arises from multi-branched tree-structured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Chengyang Tian , Yuhang Chang , Yangpeng Zhang , Yang Liu

Chemical synthesis, as a foundational methodology in the creation of transformative molecules, exerts substantial influence across diverse sectors from life sciences to materials and energy. Current chemical synthesis practices emphasize…

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