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Model errors are increasingly seen as a fundamental performance limiter in both Numerical Weather Prediction and Climate Prediction simulations run with state of the art Earth system digital twins.This has motivated recent efforts aimed at…

Applications · Statistics 2021-09-22 Massimo Bonavita

Forecasting weather accurately and efficiently is a critical capability in our ability to adapt to climate change. Data driven approaches to this problem have enjoyed much success recently providing forecasts with accuracy comparable to…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-06-11 Akshay Subramaniam , Dale Durran , David Pruitt , Nathaniel Cresswell-Clay , William Yik

Sub-seasonal weather forecasts are becoming increasingly important for a range of socio-economic activities. However, the predictive ability of physical weather models is very limited on these time scales. We propose several post-processing…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2023-06-29 Nina Horat , Sebastian Lerch

The ECMWF ensemble weather forecasts are generated by perturbing the initial conditions of the forecast using a subset of the singular vectors of the linearised propagator. Previous results show that when creating probabilistic forecasts…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Stephen Jewson , Maarten Ambaum , Christine Ziehmann

The rapid growth in wireless infrastructure has increased the need to accurately estimate and forecast electromagnetic field (EMF) levels to ensure ongoing compliance, assess potential health impacts, and support efficient network planning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zijiang Yan , Yixiang Huang , Jianhua Pei , Hina Tabassum , Luca Chiaraviglio

Regional climate information at kilometer scales is essential for assessing the impacts of climate change, but generating it with global climate models is too expensive due to their high computational costs. Machine learning models offer a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Kevin Debeire , Aytaç Paçal , Pierre Gentine , Luis Medrano-Navarro , Nils Thuerey , Veronika Eyring

Modern deep learning techniques, which mimic traditional numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and are derived from global atmospheric reanalysis data, have caused a significant revolution within a few years. In this new paradigm, our…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Minjong Cheon , Daehyun Kang , Yo-Hwan Choi , Seon-Yu Kang

Seasonal climate forecasts are commonly based on model runs from fully coupled forecasting systems that use Earth system models to represent interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, land and other Earth-system components. Recently,…

While machine learning-based weather prediction (MLWP) has achieved significant advancements, research on assimilating real observations or ensemble forecasts within MLWP models remains limited. We introduce ClimaX-LETKF, the first purely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Akira Takeshima , Kenta Shiraishi , Atsushi Okazaki , Tadashi Tsuyuki , Shunji Kotsuki

Sub-seasonal climate forecasting (SSF) focuses on predicting key climate variables such as temperature and precipitation in the 2-week to 2-month time scales. Skillful SSF would have immense societal value, in areas such as agricultural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Sijie He , Xinyan Li , Timothy DelSole , Pradeep Ravikumar , Arindam Banerjee

Addressing complex meteorological processes at a fine spatial resolution requires substantial computational resources. To accelerate meteorological simulations, researchers have utilized neural networks to downscale meteorological variables…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Jing Hu , Honghu Zhang , Peng Zheng , Jialin Mu , Xiaomeng Huang , Xi Wu

Historical observations of severe weather and simulated severe weather environments (i.e., features) from the Global Ensemble Forecast System v12 (GEFSv12) Reforecast Dataset (GEFS/R) are used in conjunction to train and test random forest…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2022-12-19 Aaron J. Hill , Russ S. Schumacher , Israel Jirak

This paper addresses a missing capability in infrastructure resilience: turning fast, global AI weather forecasts into asset-scale, actionable risk. We introduce the AI-based Correction-Downscaling Framework (ACDF), which transforms coarse…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 You Wu , Zhenguo Wang , Naiyu Wang

The issue of the accuracy of wind speed/power forecasts is becoming more and more important as wind power production continues to increase year after year. Having accurate forecasts for the energy market clashes with intrinsic difficulties…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2022-06-23 Gabriele Casciaro , Francesco Ferrari , Mattia Cavaiola , Andrea Mazzino

Multivariate time series forecasting (MTSF) is a critical task with broad applications in domains such as meteorology, transportation, and economics. Nevertheless, pervasive missing values caused by sensor failures or human errors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kai Tang , Ji Zhang , Hua Meng , Minbo Ma , Qi Xiong , Fengmao Lv , Jie Xu , Tianrui Li

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are highly destructive and inherently uncertain weather systems. Ensemble forecasting helps quantify these uncertainties, yet traditional systems are constrained by high computational costs and limited capability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jun Liu , Tao Zhou , Jiarui Li , Xiaohui Zhong , Peng Zhang , Jie Feng , Lei Chen , Hao Li

Long-term stability and physical consistency are critical properties for AI-based weather models if they are going to be used for subseasonal-to-seasonal forecasts or beyond, e.g., climate change projection. However, current AI-based…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2024-12-10 Ashesh Chattopadhyay , Y. Qiang Sun , Pedram Hassanzadeh

Recently, artificial intelligence-based (AI-based) models for forecasting of global weather have been rapidly developed. Most of the global models are trained on reanalysis datasets with a spatial resolution of 0.25{\deg}*0.25{\deg}.…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-01-28 Pengbo Xu , Xiaogu Zheng , Tianyan Gao , Yu Wang , Junping Yin , Juan Zhang , Xuanze Zhang , San Luo , Zhonglei Wang , Zhimin Zhang , Xiaoguang Hu , Xiaoxu Chen

Advancements in numerical weather prediction models have accelerated, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of physical phenomena pertaining to the dynamics of weather and related computing resources. Despite these advancements,…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2021-11-04 Alqamah Sayeed , Yunsoo Choi , Jia Jung , Yannic Lops , Ebrahim Eslami , Ahmed Khan Salman

Weather forecasting traditionally relies on numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems that integrates global observational systems, data assimilation (DA), and forecasting models. Despite steady improvements in forecast accuracy over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xiuyu Sun , Xiaohui Zhong , Xiaoze Xu , Yuanqing Huang , Hao Li , J. David Neelin , Deliang Chen , Jie Feng , Wei Han , Libo Wu , Yuan Qi