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Token-level Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has become a standard way to elicit multi-step reasoning in large language models (LLMs), especially for mathematical word problems. However, generating long intermediate traces increases output…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Disha Sheshanarayana , Rajat Subhra Pal , Manjira Sinha , Tirthankar Dasgupta

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has exhibited impressive performance in language models for solving complex tasks and answering questions. However, many real-world questions require multi-modal information, such as text and images.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Liqi He , Zuchao Li , Xiantao Cai , Ping Wang

Despite recent advancements in large language models (LLMs), their performance on complex reasoning problems requiring multi-step thinking and combining various skills is still limited. To address this, we propose a novel framework HDFlow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Wenlin Yao , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Requiring a large language model (LLM) to generate intermediary reasoning steps, known as Chain of Thought (CoT), has been shown to be an effective way of boosting performance. Previous approaches have focused on generating multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Haritz Puerto , Tilek Chubakov , Xiaodan Zhu , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Iryna Gurevych

Effective relevance modeling is crucial for e-commerce search, as it aligns search results with user intent and enhances customer experience. Recent work has leveraged large language models (LLMs) to address the limitations of traditional…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Baopu Qiu , Hao Chen , Yuanrong Wu , Changtong Zan , Chao Wei , Weiru Zhang , Xiaoyi Zeng

Scaling inference compute enhances reasoning in large language models (LLMs), with long chains-of-thought (CoTs) enabling strategies like backtracking and error correction. Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a crucial method for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Edward Yeo , Yuxuan Tong , Morry Niu , Graham Neubig , Xiang Yue

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in orchestrating tools for reasoning tasks. However, existing methods rely on a step-wise paradigm that lacks a global perspective, which causes error accumulation over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Tairan Huang , Siyu Shang , Qiang Chen , Xiu Su , Yi Chen

We explore how iterative revising a chain of thoughts with the help of information retrieval significantly improves large language models' reasoning and generation ability in long-horizon generation tasks, while hugely mitigating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Zihao Wang , Anji Liu , Haowei Lin , Jiaqi Li , Xiaojian Ma , Yitao Liang

Large reasoning models have demonstrated strong problem-solving abilities, yet real-world tasks often require external tools and long-horizon interactions. Existing agent frameworks typically follow predefined workflows, which limit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Xiaoxi Li , Wenxiang Jiao , Jiarui Jin , Guanting Dong , Jiajie Jin , Yinuo Wang , Hao Wang , Yutao Zhu , Ji-Rong Wen , Yuan Lu , Zhicheng Dou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance on complex reasoning tasks, especially when equipped with long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. However, eliciting long CoT typically requires large-scale reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Huiyuan Lai , Malvina Nissim

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities through long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. The R1 distillation scheme has emerged as a promising approach for training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Yijia Luo , Yulin Song , Xingyao Zhang , Jiaheng Liu , Weixun Wang , GengRu Chen , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Emerging reasoning LLMs such as OpenAI-o1 and DeepSeek-R1 have achieved strong performance on complex reasoning tasks by generating long chain-of-thought (CoT) traces. However, these long CoTs result in increased token usage, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yuxiang Zhang , Zhengxu Yu , Weihang Pan , Zhongming Jin , Qiang Fu , Deng Cai , Binbin Lin , Jieping Ye

Chain of Thought (CoT) was introduced in recent research as a method for improving step-by-step reasoning in Large Language Models. However, CoT has limited applications such as its need for hand-crafted few-shot exemplar prompts and no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Arda Sevinc , Abdurrahman Gumus

The advent of tool-using LLM agents shifts safety monitoring from output moderation to auditing long, noisy interaction trajectories, where risk-critical evidence is sparse-making standard binary supervision poorly suited for credit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Lin Wang , Junfeng Fang , Dan Zhang , Fei Shen , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at reasoning and planning when trained on chainof-thought (CoT) data, where the step-by-step thought process is explicitly outlined by text tokens. However, this results in lengthy inputs where many words…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 DiJia Su , Hanlin Zhu , Yingchen Xu , Jiantao Jiao , Yuandong Tian , Qinqing Zheng

To reduce the cost and consumption of computing resources caused by computational redundancy and delayed reward assignment in long CoT, this research proposes the dynamic chain-of-thought (D-CoT) with adaptive reasoning time and steps. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Libo Wang

Recent advancements in reasoning with large language models (RLLMs), such as OpenAI-O1 and DeepSeek-R1, have demonstrated their impressive capabilities in complex domains like mathematics and coding. A central factor in their success lies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Qiguang Chen , Libo Qin , Jinhao Liu , Dengyun Peng , Jiannan Guan , Peng Wang , Mengkang Hu , Yuhang Zhou , Te Gao , Wanxiang Che

Large reasoning models, such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1, tend to become increasingly verbose as their reasoning capabilities improve. These inflated Chain-of-Thought (CoT) trajectories often exceed what the underlying problems require,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Songtao Wei , Yi Li , Zhikai Li , Xu Hu , Yuede Ji , Guanpeng Li , Feng Chen , Carl Yang , Zhichun Guo , Bingzhe Li

With the release of R1, a publicly available large reasoning model (LRM), researchers commonly train new LRMs by training language models on R1's long chain-of-thought (CoT) inferences. While prior works show that LRMs' capabilities can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Hyungjoo Chae , Dongjin Kang , Jihyuk Kim , Beong-woo Kwak , Sunghyun Park , Haeju Park , Jinyoung Yeo , Moontae Lee , Kyungjae Lee
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