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The challenging deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computer Vision (CV) algorithms at the edge pushes the community of embedded computing to examine heterogeneous System-on-Chips (SoCs). Such novel computing platforms provide…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Vasileios Leon , Panagiotis Minaidis , George Lentaris , Dimitrios Soudris

To overcome the well-known memory bottleneck of AI chips, 3D stacked architectures that employ advanced packaging technology with high-density through-silicon vias (TSVs) pins have proven to be a promising solution. The 3D-stacked AI chip…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Yiqi Liu , Noelle Crawford , Michael Wang , Jilong Xue , Jian Huang

Resource-limited robots face significant challenges in executing computationally intensive tasks, such as locomotion and manipulation, particularly for real-time optimal control algorithms like Model Predictive Control (MPC). This paper…

The growing computational demands of machine learning (ML) workloads have driven the design of ML accelerators aiming at an optimal tradeoff between efficiency and flexibility. A widely explored architecture for flexible ML accelerators is…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Luca Colagrande , Lorenzo Leone , Maximilian Coco , Andrei Deaconeasa , Luca Benini

In the last decade, we have witnessed exponential growth in the complexity of control systems for safety-critical applications (automotive, robots, industrial automation) and their transition to heterogeneous mixed-criticality systems…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Michael Rogenmoser , Alessandro Ottaviano , Thomas Benz , Robert Balas , Matteo Perotti , Angelo Garofalo , Luca Benini

RISC-V-based architectures are paving the way for efficient On-Device Learning (ODL) in smart edge devices. When applied across multiple nodes, ODL enables the creation of intelligent sensor networks that preserve data privacy. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Lars Kröger , Cristian Cioflan , Victor Kartsch , Luca Benini

Real-time systems, particularly those used in domains like automated driving, are increasingly adopting neural networks. From this trend arises the need for high-performance hardware exhibiting predictable timing behavior. While…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Maximilian Kirschner , Konstantin Dudzik , Ben Krusekamp , Jürgen Becker

The globalization of semiconductor supply chains has exposed Network-on-Chip (NoC) interconnects in System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures to critical security risks, including reverse engineering and IP theft. To address these threats, this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Dipal Halder

With transistor scaling reaching its limits, interposer-based integration of dies (chiplets) is gaining traction. Such an interposer-based integration enables finer and tighter interconnect pitch than traditional system-on-packages and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Mohammed Shayan , Kanad Basu , Ramesh Karri

Recent advancements in quantization and mixed-precision approaches offers substantial opportunities to improve the speed and energy efficiency of Neural Networks (NN). Research has shown that individual parameters with varying low…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Giorgos Armeniakos , Alexis Maras , Sotirios Xydis , Dimitrios Soudris

The new open and royalty-free RISC-V ISA is attracting interest across the whole computing continuum, from microcontrollers to supercomputers. High-performance RISC-V processors and accelerators have been announced, but RISC-V-based HPC…

While posit format offers superior dynamic range and accuracy for transprecision computing, its adoption in RISC-V processors is hindered by the lack of a unified solution for lightweight, precision-scalable, and IEEE-754 arithmetic…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Qiong Li , Chao Fang , Longwei Huang , Jun Lin , Zhongfeng Wang

This review examines the rapidly evolving landscape of ultra-low-power edge processors, covering heterogeneous Systems-on-Chips (SoCs), neural accelerators, near-sensor and in-sensor architectures, and emerging dataflow and memory-centric…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Luigi Capogrosso , Pietro Bonazzi , Michele Magno

Considering the high-performance and low-power requirements of edge AI, this study designs a specialized instruction set processor for edge AI based on the RISC-V instruction set architecture, addressing practical issues in digital signal…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Xu-Hao Chen , Si-Peng Hu , Hong-Chao Liu , Bo-Ran Liu , Dan Tang , Di Zhao

Modern data-driven applications expose limitations of von Neumann architectures - extensive data movement, low throughput, and poor energy efficiency. Accelerators improve performance but lack flexibility and require data transfers.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Vincenzo Petrolo , Flavia Guella , Michele Caon , Pasquale Davide Schiavone , Guido Masera , Maurizio Martina

Current Artificial Intelligence (AI) computation systems face challenges, primarily from the memory-wall issue, limiting overall system-level performance, especially for Edge devices with constrained battery budgets, such as smartphones,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Lucas Huijbregts , Liu Hsiao-Hsuan , Paul Detterer , Said Hamdioui , Amirreza Yousefzadeh , Rajendra Bishnoi

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is in the spotlight as a definitive solution for privacy, but the high computational overhead of FHE poses a challenge to its practical adoption. Although prior studies have attempted to design ASIC…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Sangpyo Kim , Jongmin Kim , Jaeyoung Choi , Jung Ho Ahn

The emerging trend of deploying complex algorithms, such as Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), increasingly poses strict memory and energy efficiency requirements on Internet-of-Things (IoT) end-nodes. Mixed-precision quantization has been…

An Application-Specific Instruction Set Processor(ASIP) is a specialized microprocessor that provides a trade-off between the programmability of a General Purpose Processor (GPP) and the performance and energy-efficiency of dedicated…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Evgenii Rezunov , Niko Zurstraßen , Lennart M. Reimann , Rainer Leupers

Matrix extensions have emerged as an essential feature in modern CPUs to address the surging demands of AI workloads. However, existing designs often incur substantial hardware and software design overhead. Tight coupling with the CPU…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jinpeng Ye , Chongxi Wang , Wenqing Li , Bin Yuan , Shiyi Wang , Fenglu Zhang , Junyu Yue , Jianan Xie , Yunhao Ye , Haoyu Deng , Yingkun Zhou , Xin Cheng , Fuxin Zhang , Jian Wang