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Conventional computing paradigm struggles to fulfill the rapidly growing demands from emerging applications, especially those for machine intelligence, because much of the power and energy is consumed by constant data transfers between…

The storage industry is moving toward emerging non-volatile memories (NVMs), including the spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random-access memory (STT-MRAM) and the phase-change memory (PCM), owing to their high density and low-power…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Nikhil Rangarajan , Satwik Patnaik , Johann Knechtel , Ozgur Sinanoglu , Shaloo Rakheja

Brain-inspired hyperdimensional computing (HDC) is continuously gaining remarkable attention. It is a promising alternative to traditional machine-learning approaches due to its ability to learn from little data, lightweight implementation,…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Simon Thomann , Paul R. Genssler , Hussam Amrouch

Current Artificial Intelligence (AI) computation systems face challenges, primarily from the memory-wall issue, limiting overall system-level performance, especially for Edge devices with constrained battery budgets, such as smartphones,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Lucas Huijbregts , Liu Hsiao-Hsuan , Paul Detterer , Said Hamdioui , Amirreza Yousefzadeh , Rajendra Bishnoi

Ferroelectric field effect transistors (FeFETs) are being actively investigated with the potential for in-memory computing (IMC) over other non-volatile memories (NVMs). Content Addressable Memories (CAMs) are a form of IMC that performs…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Xunzhao Yin , Chao Li , Qingrong Huang , Li Zhang , Michael Niemier , Xiaobo Sharon Hu , Cheng Zhuo , Kai Ni

Low-rank adaptation (LoRA) is a predominant parameter-efficient finetuning method for adapting large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. Meanwhile, Compute-in-Memory (CIM) architectures demonstrate superior energy efficiency due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Taiqiang Wu , Chenchen Ding , Wenyong Zhou , Yuxin Cheng , Xincheng Feng , Shuqi Wang , Wendong Xu , Chufan Shi , Zhengwu Liu , Ngai Wong

Charge-domain compute-in-memory (CIM) SRAMs have recently become an enticing compromise between computing efficiency and accuracy to process sub-8b convolutional neural networks (CNNs) at the edge. Yet, they commonly make use of a fixed…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Adrian Kneip , Martin Lefebvre , Pol Maistriaux , David Bol

Realizing today's cloud-level artificial intelligence functionalities directly on devices distributed at the edge of the internet calls for edge hardware capable of processing multiple modalities of sensory data (e.g. video, audio) at…

Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence have given rise to transformative models, profoundly impacting our lives. These models demand massive volumes of data to operate effectively, exacerbating the data-transfer bottleneck inherent…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Zhicheng Xu , Che-Kai Liu , Chao Li , Ruibin Mao , Jianyi Yang , Thomas Kämpfe , Mohsen Imani , Can Li , Cheng Zhuo , Xunzhao Yin

Compute-in-memory (CIM) accelerators for spiking neural networks (SNNs) are promising solutions to enable $\mu$s-level inference latency and ultra-low energy in edge vision applications. Yet, their current lack of flexibility at both the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Nicolas Chauvaux , Adrian Kneip , Christoph Posch , Kofi Makinwa , Charlotte Frenkel

3D point cloud neural networks have significantly enhanced the perceptual capabilities of resource-limited mobile intelligent systems. However, despite the transformative impact, the point cloud algorithm suffers from substantial memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Dengfeng Wang , Shunqin Cai , Yanan Sun

High-performance computing systems are moving towards 2.5D and 3D memory hierarchies, based on High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) and Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) to mitigate the main memory bottlenecks. This trend is also creating new opportunities…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2017-09-26 Erfan Azarkhish , Davide Rossi , Igor Loi , Luca Benini

The Von-Neumann bottleneck is a clear limitation for data-intensive applications, bringing in-memory computing (IMC) solutions to the fore. Since large data sets are usually stored in nonvolatile memory (NVM), various solutions have been…

Applied Physics · Physics 2020-12-02 M. Ezzadeen , D. Bosch , B. Giraud , S. Barraud , J. -P. Noel , D. Lattard , J. Lacord , J. -M. Portal , F. Andrieu

The rapid growth of LLMs demands high-throughput, memory-capacity-intensive inference on resource-constrained edge devices, where single-batch decoding remains fundamentally memory-bound. Existing out-of-core GPU-based and SSD-like…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Mingbo Hao , Changwei Yan , Haoyu Cui , Zhihao Yan , Yizhi Ding , Zhangrui Qian , Weiwei Shan

For neuromorphic engineering to emulate the human brain, improving memory density with low power consumption is an indispensable but challenging goal. In this regard, emerging RRAMs have attracted considerable interest for their unique…

Self-attention in Transformers generates dynamic operands that force conventional Compute-in-Memory (CIM) accelerators into costly non-volatile memory (NVM) reprogramming cycles, degrading throughput and stressing device endurance. Existing…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Md Zesun Ahmed Mia , Jiahui Duan , Kai Ni , Abhronil Sengupta

Memory-centric computing aims to enable computation capability in and near all places where data is generated and stored. As such, it can greatly reduce the large negative performance and energy impact of data access and data movement, by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Onur Mutlu , Ataberk Olgun , Geraldo F. Oliveira , Ismail Emir Yuksel

In this paper, we present a new 9T SRAM cell that has good write-ability and improves read stability at the same time. Simulation results show that the proposed design increases Read SNM (RSNM) and Ion/Ioff of read path by 219% and 113%,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-01-07 Ghasem Pasandi , Sied Mehdi Fakhraei

Non-volatile memories (NVMs) offer negligible leakage power consumption, high integration density, and data retention, but their non-volatility also raises the risk of data exposure. Conventional encryption techniques such as the Advanced…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Sanwar Ahmed Ovy , Jiahui Duan , Md Ashraful Islam Romel , Franz Muller , Thomas Kampfe , Kai Ni , Sumitha George

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become essential in a variety of applications due to their advanced language understanding and generation capabilities. However, their computational and memory requirements pose significant challenges to…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Cristobal Ortega , Yann Falevoz , Renaud Ayrignac