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Test-time scaling (TTS) -- the dynamic allocation of compute during inference -- is a promising direction for improving reasoning in large language models (LLMs). However, a systematic comparison of well-known TTS strategies under identical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Aradhye Agarwal , Ayan Sengupta , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) improves the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by allocating additional compute during inference. We conduct a structured survey of TTS methods and categorize them into sampling-based,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Ho-Lam Chung , Teng-Yun Hsiao , Hsiao-Ying Huang , Chunerh Cho , Jian-Ren Lin , Zhang Ziwei , Yun-Nung Chen

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) is an important method for improving the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) by using additional computation during the inference phase. However, current studies do not systematically analyze how policy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Runze Liu , Junqi Gao , Jian Zhao , Kaiyan Zhang , Xiu Li , Biqing Qi , Wanli Ouyang , Bowen Zhou

Test-time scaling (TTS) has recently emerged as a promising direction to exploit the hidden reasoning capabilities of pre-trained large language models (LLMs). However, existing scaling methods narrowly focus on the compute-optimal…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Youpeng Zhao , Jinpeng LV , Di Wu , Jun Wang , Christopher Gooley

Test-time scaling (TTS) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for improving the reasoning ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by allocating additional computation at inference, yet its application to multimodal systems such as…

Large Language Models (LLMs) now exhibit remarkable reasoning capabilities through test-time compute scaling (TTS), with impressive performance across math and coding benchmarks. In parallel, research in model compression has developed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ocean Monjur , Shahriar Kabir Nahin , Anshuman Chhabra

As enthusiasm for scaling computation (data and parameters) in the pretraining era gradually diminished, test-time scaling (TTS), also referred to as ``test-time computing'' has emerged as a prominent research focus. Recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Qiyuan Zhang , Fuyuan Lyu , Zexu Sun , Lei Wang , Weixu Zhang , Wenyue Hua , Haolun Wu , Zhihan Guo , Yufei Wang , Niklas Muennighoff , Irwin King , Xue Liu , Chen Ma

Parallel test-time scaling (TTS) is a pivotal approach for enhancing large language models (LLMs), typically by sampling multiple token-based chains-of-thought in parallel and aggregating outcomes through voting or search. Recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Runyang You , Yongqi Li , Meng Liu , Wenjie Wang , Liqiang Nie , Wenjie Li

Test-time scaling (TTS) has enhanced the performance of Reasoning Models (RMs) on various tasks such as math and coding, yet its efficacy in machine translation (MT) remains underexplored. This paper investigates whether increased…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Zihao Li , Shaoxiong Ji , Jörg Tiedemann

Scaling model parameters has become the de facto strategy for improving NLP systems, but it comes with substantial computational costs. Test-Time Scaling (TTS) offers an alternative by allocating more computation at inference: generating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Shaomu Tan , Ryosuke Mitani , Ritvik Choudhary , Toshiyuki Sekiya

Test-time scaling (TTS) has become an effective approach for improving large language model performance by allocating additional computation during inference. However, existing TTS strategies are largely hand-crafted: researchers manually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Tong Zheng , Haolin Liu , Chengsong Huang , Huiwen Bao , Sheng Zhang , Rui Liu , Runpeng Dai , Ruibo Chen , Chenxi Liu , Tianyi Xiong , Xidong Wu , Hongming Zhang , Heng Huang

Scaling large language models (LLMs) has driven significant advancements, yet it faces diminishing returns and escalating energy demands. This work explores how test-time compute (TTC) can serve as an energy-efficient complement to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yunho Jin , Gu-Yeon Wei , David Brooks

Test-time scaling (TTS) enhances the performance of large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional compute resources during inference. However, existing research primarily investigates TTS in single-stage tasks; while many real-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Fali Wang , Hui Liu , Zhenwei Dai , Jingying Zeng , Zhiwei Zhang , Zongyu Wu , Chen Luo , Zhen Li , Xianfeng Tang , Qi He , Suhang Wang

Recent studies have shown that making a model spend more time thinking through longer Chain of Thoughts (CoTs) enables it to gain significant improvements in complex reasoning tasks. While current researches continue to explore the benefits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Wenkai Yang , Shuming Ma , Yankai Lin , Furu Wei

Large language models (LLMs) can improve reasoning at inference time through test-time scaling (TTS), where multiple reasoning traces are generated and the best one is selected. Prior work shows that increasing the number of samples K…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yuheng Wu , Azalia Mirhoseini , Thierry Tambe

Test-time scaling (TTS) has emerged as a new frontier for scaling the performance of Large Language Models. In test-time scaling, by using more computational resources during inference, LLMs can improve their reasoning process and task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 V Venktesh , Mandeep Rathee , Avishek Anand

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) has proven effective in improving the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) during inference. However, existing research has overlooked the efficiency of TTS from a latency-sensitive perspective. Through a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Zili Wang , Tianyu Zhang , Haoli Bai , Lu Hou , Xianzhi Yu , Wulong Liu , Shiming Xiang , Lei Zhu

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly progressed into general-purpose agents capable of solving a broad spectrum of tasks. However, current models remain inefficient at reasoning: they apply fixed inference-time compute regardless of…

The rapid advancements in large Language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their reasoning capabilities, driven by various strategies such as multi-agent collaboration. However, unlike the well-established performance improvements…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zihan Chen , Song Wang , Zhen Tan , Xingbo Fu , Zhenyu Lei , Peng Wang , Huan Liu , Cong Shen , Jundong Li

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) enhances the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) by allocating additional computation during inference. However, existing approaches primarily rely on output-level sampling while overlooking the role of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Yixuan Han , Fan Ma , Ruijie Quan , Yi Yang
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