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In this paper, our goal is to adapt a pre-trained convolutional neural network to domain shifts at test time. We do so continually with the incoming stream of test batches, without labels. The existing literature mostly operates on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Tommie Kerssies , Mert Kılıçkaya , Joaquin Vanschoren

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable emergent capabilities through extensive pre-training, they still face critical limitations in generalizing to specialized domains and handling diverse linguistic variations, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jinwu Hu , Zhitian Zhang , Guohao Chen , Xutao Wen , Chao Shuai , Wei Luo , Bin Xiao , Yuanqing Li , Mingkui Tan

We introduce VocAlign, a novel source-free domain adaptation framework specifically designed for VLMs in open-vocabulary semantic segmentation. Our method adopts a student-teacher paradigm enhanced with a vocabulary alignment strategy,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Silvio Mazzucco , Carl Persson , Mattia Segu , Pier Luigi Dovesi , Federico Tombari , Luc Van Gool , Matteo Poggi

Learning discriminative 3D representations that generalize well to unknown testing categories is an emerging requirement for many real-world 3D applications. Existing well-established methods often struggle to attain this goal due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Zhichuan Wang , Yang Zhou , Jinhai Xiang , Yulong Wang , Xinwei He

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) aims to transfer knowledge learned from a fully-labeled source domain to a different unlabeled target domain. Most existing UDA methods learn domain-invariant feature representations by minimizing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Rui Wang , Zuxuan Wu , Zejia Weng , Jingjing Chen , Guo-Jun Qi , Yu-Gang Jiang

Vision-Language-Action models have recently emerged as a powerful paradigm for general-purpose robot learning, enabling agents to map visual observations and natural-language instructions into executable robotic actions. Though popular,…

Vision-language models (VLMs) like CLIP excel in zero-shot learning by aligning image and text representations through contrastive pretraining. Existing approaches to unsupervised adaptation (UA) for fine-grained classification with VLMs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Eman Ali , Sathira Silva , Chetan Arora , Muhammad Haris Khan

Encountering shifted data at test time is a ubiquitous challenge when deploying predictive models. Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods address this issue by continuously adapting a deployed model using only unlabeled test data. While TTA can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mona Schirmer , Metod Jazbec , Christian A. Naesseth , Eric Nalisnick

We introduce Ev-TTA, a simple, effective test-time adaptation algorithm for event-based object recognition. While event cameras are proposed to provide measurements of scenes with fast motions or drastic illumination changes, many existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Junho Kim , Inwoo Hwang , Young Min Kim

Unsupervised domain adaptation for semantic segmentation (DASS) aims to transfer knowledge from a label-rich source domain to a target domain with no labels. Two key approaches in DASS are (1) vision-only approaches using masking or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Chang Liu , Bavesh Balaji , Saad Hossain , C Thomas , Kwei-Herng Lai , Raviteja Vemulapalli , Alexander Wong , Sirisha Rambhatla

Medical vision-language alignment through cross-modal contrastive learning shows promising performance in image-text matching tasks, such as retrieval and zero-shot classification. However, conventional cross-modal contrastive learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Chenyu Lian , Hong-Yu Zhou , Dongyun Liang , Jing Qin , Liansheng Wang

The goal of meta-learning is to learn to adapt to a new task with only a few labeled examples. To tackle this problem in NLP, we propose $\textit{in-context tuning}$, which recasts adaptation and prediction as a simple sequence prediction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Yanda Chen , Ruiqi Zhong , Sheng Zha , George Karypis , He He

Unsupervised domain adaptation aims to transfer knowledge from a source domain to a target domain so that the target domain data can be recognized without any explicit labelling information for this domain. One limitation of the problem…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Qian Wang , Penghui Bu , Toby P. Breckon

Traditional domain adaptation assumes the same vocabulary across source and target domains, which often struggles with limited transfer flexibility and efficiency while handling target domains with different vocabularies. Inspired by recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Jiaxing Huang , Jingyi Zhang , Han Qiu , Sheng Jin , Shijian Lu

Test-time alignment (TTA) aims to adapt models to specific rewards during inference. However, existing methods tend to either under-optimise or over-optimise (reward hack) the target reward function. We propose Null-Text Test-Time Alignment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Taehoon Kim , Henry Gouk , Timothy Hospedales

Test Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses the problem of distribution shift by adapting a pretrained model to a new domain during inference. When faced with challenging shifts, most methods collapse and perform worse than the original pretrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Sabyasachi Sahoo , Mostafa ElAraby , Jonas Ngnawe , Yann Pequignot , Frederic Precioso , Christian Gagne

Cross-domain object detection is challenging, and it involves aligning labeled source and unlabeled target domains. Previous approaches have used adversarial training to align features at both image-level and instance-level. At the instance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Onkar Krishna , Hiroki Ohashi , Saptarshi Sinha

Despite the significant progress of fully-supervised video captioning, zero-shot methods remain much less explored. In this paper, we propose a novel zero-shot video captioning framework named Retrieval-Enhanced Test-Time Adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Yunchuan Ma , Laiyun Qing , Guorong Li , Yuankai Qi , Amin Beheshti , Quan Z. Sheng , Qingming Huang

Large pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs), such as CLIP, have shown unprecedented zero-shot performance across a wide range of tasks. Nevertheless, these models may be unreliable under distributional shifts, as their performance is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Shambhavi Mishra , Julio Silva-Rodriguez , Ismail Ben Ayed , Marco Pedersoli , Jose Dolz

Small Vision-Language Models (VLMs) provide a computationally efficient alternative to larger models, at the cost of weaker generalization abilities and downstream task performance. These shortcomings could be addressed by test-time scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mehmet Onurcan Kaya , Desmond Elliott , Dim P. Papadopoulos