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As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly prevalent, their generated outputs are proliferating across the web, risking a future where machine-generated content dilutes human-authored text. Since online data is the primary resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 George Drayson , Emine Yilmaz , Vasileios Lampos

Large pre-trained language models are successfully being used in a variety of tasks, across many languages. With this ever-increasing usage, the risk of harmful side effects also rises, for example by reproducing and reinforcing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Pieter Delobelle , Bettina Berendt

As large language models (LLMs) generate text that increasingly resembles human writing, the subtle cues that distinguish AI-generated content from human-written content become increasingly challenging to capture. Reliance on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Xiao Pu , Zepeng Cheng , Lin Yuan , Yu Wu , Xiuli Bi

Current methods of toxic language detection (TLD) typically rely on specific tokens to conduct decisions, which makes them suffer from lexical bias, leading to inferior performance and generalization. Lexical bias has both "useful" and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Junyu Lu , Bo Xu , Xiaokun Zhang , Kaiyuan Liu , Dongyu Zhang , Liang Yang , Hongfei Lin

Even with various regulations in place across countries and social media platforms (Government of India, 2021; European Parliament and Council of the European Union, 2022, digital abusive speech remains a significant issue. One potential…

Automatic toxic language detection is critical for creating safe, inclusive online spaces. However, it is a highly subjective task, with perceptions of toxic language shaped by community norms and lived experience. Existing toxicity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ashima Suvarna , Christina Chance , Karolina Naranjo , Hamid Palangi , Sophie Hao , Thomas Hartvigsen , Saadia Gabriel

High-throughput toxicity testing offers a fast and cost-effective way to test large amounts of compounds. A key component for such systems is the automated evaluation via machine learning models. In this paper, we address critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Thomas Lautenschlager , Nils Friederich , Angelo Jovin Yamachui Sitcheu , Katja Nau , Gaëlle Hayot , Thomas Dickmeis , Ralf Mikut

We propose a constraint learning schema for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) with attribute control. Given a training corpus and control criteria formulated as a sequence-level constraint on model outputs, our method fine-tunes the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Tao Meng , Ninareh Mehrabi , Palash Goyal , Anil Ramakrishna , Aram Galstyan , Richard Zemel , Kai-Wei Chang , Rahul Gupta , Charith Peris

Model editing methods modify specific behaviors of Large Language Models by altering a small, targeted set of network weights and require very little data and compute. These methods can be used for malicious applications such as inserting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Keltin Grimes , Marco Christiani , David Shriver , Marissa Connor

Despite notable advances in large language models (LLMs), reliable evaluation of text generation tasks such as text style transfer (TST) remains an open challenge. Existing research has shown that automatic metrics often correlate poorly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Vitaly Protasov , Nikolay Babakov , Daryna Dementieva , Alexander Panchenko

Fine-tuning-based unlearning methods prevail for preventing targeted harmful, sensitive, or copyrighted information within large language models while preserving overall capabilities. However, the true effectiveness of these methods is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Yihuai Hong , Yuelin Zou , Lijie Hu , Ziqian Zeng , Di Wang , Haiqin Yang

The rapid growth of live-streaming platforms such as Twitch has introduced complex challenges in moderating toxic behavior. Traditional moderation approaches, such as human annotation and keyword-based filtering, have demonstrated utility,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Baktash Ansari , Elias Martin , Afra Mashhadi

Recent advancements in Generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled the creation of highly realistic synthetic content, raising concerns about the potential for malicious use, such as misinformation and manipulation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Andrea Pedrotti , Michele Papucci , Cristiano Ciaccio , Alessio Miaschi , Giovanni Puccetti , Felice Dell'Orletta , Andrea Esuli

Language models often exhibit undesirable behavior, e.g., generating toxic or gender-biased text. In the case of neural language models, an encoding of the undesirable behavior is often present in the model's representations. Thus, one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Shashwat Singh , Shauli Ravfogel , Jonathan Herzig , Roee Aharoni , Ryan Cotterell , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

While there has been a recent explosion of work on ExplainableAI ExAI on deep models that operate on imagery and tabular data, textual datasets present new challenges to the ExAI community. Such challenges can be attributed to the lack of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Julia El Zini , Mariette Awad

Platforms that support online commentary, from social networks to news sites, are increasingly leveraging machine learning to assist their moderation efforts. But this process does not typically provide feedback to the author that would…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Leo Laugier , John Pavlopoulos , Jeffrey Sorensen , Lucas Dixon

The spread of toxic content online is an important problem that has adverse effects on user experience online and in our society at large. Motivated by the importance and impact of the problem, research focuses on developing solutions to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Xinlei He , Savvas Zannettou , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Large Transformer-based language models can aid human authors by suggesting plausible continuations of text written so far. However, current interactive writing assistants do not allow authors to guide text generation in desired topical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Haw-Shiuan Chang , Jiaming Yuan , Mohit Iyyer , Andrew McCallum

Data contamination undermines the validity of Large Language Model evaluation by enabling models to rely on memorized benchmark content rather than true generalization. While prior work has proposed contamination detection methods, these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chaymaa Abbas , Nour Shamaa , Mariette Awad

Augmenting toxic language data in a controllable and class-specific manner is crucial for improving robustness in toxicity classification, yet remains challenging due to limited supervision and distributional skew. We propose ToxiGAN, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Peiran Li , Jan Fillies , Adrian Paschke