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Despite recent efforts, neural networks still struggle to learn in non-stationary environments, and our understanding of catastrophic forgetting (CF) is far from complete. In this work, we perform a systematic study on the impact of model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Jacopo Graldi , Alessandro Breccia , Giulia Lanzillotta , Thomas Hofmann , Lorenzo Noci

Unlike humans, who are capable of continual learning over their lifetimes, artificial neural networks have long been known to suffer from a phenomenon known as catastrophic forgetting, whereby new learning can lead to abrupt erasure of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-20 Christos Kaplanis , Murray Shanahan , Claudia Clopath

Regularizing continual learning techniques is important for anticipating algorithmic behavior under new realizations of data. We introduce a new approach to continual learning by imposing the properties of a parabolic partial differential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Haoming Yang , Ali Hasan , Vahid Tarokh

This paper introduces kernel continual learning, a simple but effective variant of continual learning that leverages the non-parametric nature of kernel methods to tackle catastrophic forgetting. We deploy an episodic memory unit that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Mohammad Mahdi Derakhshani , Xiantong Zhen , Ling Shao , Cees G. M. Snoek

Continual learning approaches help deep neural network models adapt and learn incrementally by trying to solve catastrophic forgetting. However, whether these existing approaches, applied traditionally to image-based tasks, work with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Young D. Kwon , Jagmohan Chauhan , Abhishek Kumar , Pan Hui , Cecilia Mascolo

Despite huge success, deep networks are unable to learn effectively in sequential multitask learning settings as they forget the past learned tasks after learning new tasks. Inspired from complementary learning systems theory, we address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Mohammad Rostami , Soheil Kolouri , Praveen K. Pilly

A fundamental requirement for intelligent systems is the ability to learn continuously under changing environments. However, models trained in this regime often suffer from catastrophic forgetting. Leveraging pre-trained models has recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tung Tran , Danilo Vasconcellos Vargas , Khoat Than

Meta-learning enables learning systems to adapt quickly to new tasks, similar to humans. Different meta-learning approaches all work under/with the mini-batch episodic training framework. Such framework naturally gives the information about…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Shiguang Wu , Yaqing Wang , Yatao Bian , Quanming Yao

Artificial Intelligence has been developed for decades with the achievement of great progress. Recently, deep learning shows its ability to solve many real world problems, e.g. image classification and detection, natural language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Zhuoran Xu , Hao Liu

Continual learning is the ability to sequentially learn over time by accommodating knowledge while retaining previously learned experiences. Neural networks can learn multiple tasks when trained on them jointly, but cannot maintain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Frantzeska Lavda , Jason Ramapuram , Magda Gregorova , Alexandros Kalousis

Humans and most animals can learn new tasks without forgetting old ones. However, training artificial neural networks (ANNs) on new tasks typically cause it to forget previously learned tasks. This phenomenon is the result of "catastrophic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Nicolas Y. Masse , Gregory D. Grant , David J. Freedman

Modern approaches to enhancing Large Language Models' factual accuracy and knowledge utilization face a fundamental trade-off: non-parametric retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) provides flexible access to external knowledge but suffers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Rubin Wei , Jiaqi Cao , Jiarui Wang , Jushi Kai , Qipeng Guo , Bowen Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

The lifelong learning paradigm in machine learning is an attractive alternative to the more prominent isolated learning scheme not only due to its resemblance to biological learning but also its potential to reduce energy waste by obviating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Sanket Vaibhav Mehta , Darshan Patil , Sarath Chandar , Emma Strubell

The stability-plasticity dilemma is a major challenge in continual learning, as it involves balancing the conflicting objectives of maintaining performance on previous tasks while learning new tasks. In this paper, we propose the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Haneol Kang , Dong-Wan Choi

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at extracting common patterns from large-scale corpora, yet they struggle with rare, low-resource, or previously unseen scenarios-such as niche hardware deployment issues or irregular IoT device…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Hong Su

Systematic generalization is the ability to combine known parts into novel meaning; an important aspect of efficient human learning, but a weakness of neural network learning. In this work, we investigate how two well-known modeling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-23 Laura Ruis , Brenden Lake

Large language models exhibit remarkable performance across diverse tasks through pre-training and fine-tuning paradigms. However, continual fine-tuning on sequential tasks induces catastrophic forgetting, where newly acquired knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Olaf Yunus Laitinen Imanov

In this paper, we propose a learning algorithm that enables a model to quickly exploit commonalities among related tasks from an unseen task distribution, before quickly adapting to specific tasks from that same distribution. We investigate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Arnout Devos , Yatin Dandi

Catastrophic forgetting in continual learning is often measured at the performance or last-layer representation level, overlooking the underlying mechanisms. We introduce a mechanistic framework that offers a geometric interpretation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sergi Masip , Gido M. van de Ven , Javier Ferrando , Tinne Tuytelaars

Catastrophic interference, also known as catastrophic forgetting, is a fundamental challenge in machine learning, where a trained learning model progressively loses performance on previously learned tasks when adapting to new ones. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yuke Li , Yujia Zheng , Tianyi Xiong , Zhenyi Wang , Heng Huang