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This overview article highlights the critical role of mathematics in artificial intelligence (AI), emphasizing that mathematics provides tools to better understand and enhance AI systems. Conversely, AI raises new problems and drives the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-22 Gabriel Peyré

We consider a definition of mathematics as the art of thinking in terms of formalized systems, and the science of relations, structures and algorithms. We also touch upon the relation of mathematics to other sciences, in particular through…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2015-10-19 Snorre H. Christiansen

This essay considers the special character of mathematical reasoning, and draws on observations from interactive theorem proving and the history of mathematics to clarify the nature of formal and informal mathematical language. It proposes…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2015-08-24 Jeremy Avigad

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) is unlocking transformative capabilities for mathematics. There is great hope that AI will help solve major open problems and autonomously discover new mathematical concepts. In this essay, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Maissam Barkeshli , Michael R. Douglas , Michael H. Freedman

We discuss the idea that computers might soon help mathematicians to prove theorems in areas where they have not previously been useful. Furthermore we argue that these same computer tools will also help us in the communication and teaching…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2022-04-19 Kevin Buzzard

This paper addresses the question of how able the current trends of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are in managing to take the responsibility of a full course of mathematics at a college level. The study evaluates this ability in four…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Mariam Alsayyad , Fayadh Kadhem

Recent developments show that AI can prove research-level theorems in mathematics, both formally and informally. This essay urges mathematicians to stay up-to-date with the technology, to consider the ways it will disrupt mathematical…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2026-04-07 Jeremy Avigad

This paper presents a comprehensive overview on the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in mathematical research, highlighting the transformative role AI has begun to play in this domain. Traditionally, AI advancements have heavily…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Shizhe Liang , Wei Zhang , Tianyang Zhong , Tianming Liu

Doing mathematics implies three levels of manipulation: manipulating the abstract, manipulating symbols and manipulating logic. Teaching mathematics therefore involves the teacher proposing situations in which pupils can explore a small…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2023-07-06 Gilles Aldon

Mathematics is one of the most powerful conceptual systems developed and used by the human species. Dreams of automated mathematicians have a storied history in artificial intelligence (AI). Rapid progress in AI, particularly propelled by…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-23 Cedegao E. Zhang , Katherine M. Collins , Adrian Weller , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

Present day mathematics is a human construct, where computers are used more and more but do not play a creative role. This situation may change however: computers may become creative, and since they function very differently from the human…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2013-08-23 David Ruelle

This book provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the emerging field of AI for mathematics. It covers the core principles and diverse applications of using artificial intelligence to advance mathematical research. Through…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiaoyang Chen , Xiaoyang Chen

Recently, there is an increasing interest in understanding the performance of AI systems in solving math problems. A multitude of tests have been performed, with mixed conclusions. In this paper we discuss an experiment we have made in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Răzvan Diaconescu

Mathematical reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence and is applicable in various fields, including science, engineering, finance, and everyday life. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems capable of solving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Pan Lu , Liang Qiu , Wenhao Yu , Sean Welleck , Kai-Wei Chang

Over the past thirty years or so the authors have been teaching various programming for mathematics courses at our respective Universities, as well as incorporating computer algebra and numerical computation into traditional mathematics…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2022-03-16 Jack Betteridge , Eunice Y. S. Chan , Robert M. Corless , James H. Davenport , James Grant

We argue how AI can assist mathematics in three ways: theorem-proving, conjecture formulation, and language processing. Inspired by initial experiments in geometry and theoretical physics in 2017, we summarize how this emerging field has…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-11-24 Yang-Hui He

The purpose of this note is to raise two different questions, which are rarely if ever considered, and to which, it seems, we lack convincing, systematic answers. These questions can be posed as: - Why do we compute? - What do we compute?…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-03-20 Samson Abramsky

"Is math useful?" might sound as a trick question. And it is. Of course math is useful, we live in a data-filled world and every aspect of life is totally entwined with math applications, both trivial and subtle applications, of both basic…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2021-05-11 Alberto Saracco

This essay considers ways that recent uses of computers in mathematics challenge contemporary views on the nature of mathematical understanding. It also puts these challenges in a historical perspective and offers speculation as to a…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2023-11-01 Jeremy Avigad

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the name popularly given to a broad spectrum of computer tools designed to perform increasingly complex cognitive tasks, including many that used to solely be the province of humans. As these tools become…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Tanya Klowden , Terence Tao
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