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Assertion-based verification (ABV) is a critical method to ensure logic designs comply with their architectural specifications. ABV requires assertions, which are generally converted from specifications through human interpretation by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Zhiyuan Yan , Wenji Fang , Mengming Li , Min Li , Shang Liu , Zhiyao Xie , Hongce Zhang

Assertion-based verification (ABV) is a key approach to checking whether a logic design complies with its architectural specifications. Existing assertion generation methods based on design specifications typically produce only top-level…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Hongqin Lyu , Yonghao Wang , Jiaxin Zhou , Zhiteng Chao , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

Assertion-based verification (ABV) is a critical method for ensuring design circuits comply with their architectural specifications, which are typically described in natural language. This process often requires human interpretation by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Wenji Fang , Mengming Li , Min Li , Zhiyuan Yan , Shang Liu , Hongce Zhang , Zhiyao Xie

Assertion-based verification (ABV) is a cornerstone of modern hardware design, yet manually translating design intent into formal SystemVerilog Assertions (SVAs) remains labor-intensive and error-prone. While Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yuchao Wu , Wenji Fang , Jing Wang , Wenkai Li , Ziyan Guo , Zhiyao Xie

Assertion-based verification (ABV) serves as a crucial technique for ensuring that register-transfer level (RTL) designs adhere to their specifications. While Large Language Model (LLM) aided assertion generation approaches have recently…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hongqin Lyu , Yonghao Wang , Yunlin Du , Mingyu Shi , Zhiteng Chao , Wenxing Li , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

Assertion-based verification (ABV) is critical in ensuring that register-transfer level (RTL) designs conform to their functional specifications. SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) effectively specify design properties, but writing and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hongqin Lyu , Yunlin Du , Yonghao Wang , Zhiteng Chao , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

Assertion-Based Verification (ABV) is critical for ensuring functional correctness in modern hardware systems. However, manually writing high-quality SVAs remains labor-intensive and error-prone. To bridge this gap, we propose AssertCoder,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Enyuan Tian , Yiwei Ci , Qiusong Yang , Yufeng Li , Zhichao Lyu

Functional verification has become the most time-consuming phase in IC development, and Assertion-Based Verification (ABV) is key to reducing debugging time. However, existing LLM-based assertion generation methods typically pursue…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Yonghao Wang , Hongqin Lyu , Boling Chen , MinYang Bao , Wenchao Ding , Feng Gu , Zhiteng Chao , Jianan Mu , Kan Shi , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

Writing SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA) is an important but complex step in verifying Register Transfer Level (RTL) designs. Conventionally, experts need to understand the design specifications and write the SVA assertions, which is…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Karthik Maddala , Bhabesh Mali , Chandan Karfa

Assertions have been the de facto collateral for simulation-based and formal verification of hardware designs for over a decade. The quality of hardware verification, \ie, detection and diagnosis of corner-case design bugs, is critically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Vaishnavi Pulavarthi , Deeksha Nandal , Soham Dan , Debjit Pal

The security of computer systems typically relies on a hardware root of trust. As vulnerabilities in hardware can have severe implications on a system, there is a need for techniques to support security verification activities.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Rahul Kande , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Shailja Thakur , Ramesh Karri , Jeyavijayan Rajendran

While leveraging LLMs to automatically generate SystemVerilog assertions (SVAs) from natural language specifications holds great potential, existing techniques face a key challenge: LLMs often lack sufficient understanding of IC design,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Yonghao Wang , Jiaxin Zhou , Yang Yin , Hongqin Lyu , Zhiteng Chao , Wenchao Ding , Jing Ye , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

Production assertions are statements embedded in the code to help developers validate their assumptions about the code. They assist developers in debugging, provide valuable documentation, and enhance code comprehension. Current research in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Mohammad Jalili Torkamani , Abhinav Sharma , Nikita Mehrotra , Rahul Purandare

As the complexity of software systems continues to increase, the demand for automated testing and maintenance tools is growing exponentially. To meet this urgent need, we propose a new assertion generation method based on Hardware…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Yi Zhong , Hongchao Liu , Di ZHao

Assertions have been the de facto collateral for simulation-based and formal verification of hardware designs for over a decade. The quality of hardware verification, i.e., detection and diagnosis of corner-case design bugs, is critically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Vaishnavi Pulavarthi , Deeksha Nandal , Soham Dan , Debjit Pal

Functional verification increasingly relies on Assertion-Based Verification (ABV), which has become a key approach for verifying hardware designs due to its efficiency and effectiveness. Central to ABV are automatic assertion miners, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Mohammad Reza Heidari Iman , Giorgio Di Natale , Katell Morin-Allory

Formal Property Verification (FPV), using SystemVerilog Assertions (SVA), is crucial for ensuring the completeness of design with respect to the specification. However, writing SVA is a laborious task and has a steep learning curve. In this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Mohammad Shahidzadeh , Behnam Ghavami , Steve Wilton , Lesley Shannon

LLMs can generate SystemVerilog assertions (SVAs) from natural language specs, but single-pass outputs often lack functional coverage due to limited IC design understanding. We propose CoverAssert, an iterative framework that clusters…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yonghao Wang , Yang Yin , Hongqin Lyu , Jiaxin Zhou , Zhiteng Chao , Mingyu Shi , Wenchao Ding , Yunlin Du , Jing Ye , Tiancheng Wang , Huawei Li

Unit testing validates the correctness of the units of the software system under test and serves as the cornerstone in improving software quality and reliability. To reduce manual efforts in writing unit tests, some techniques have been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Quanjun Zhang , Chunrong Fang , Yi Zheng , Yaxin Zhang , Yuan Zhao , Rubing Huang , Jianyi Zhou , Yun Yang , Tao Zheng , Zhenyu Chen

Existing Large Language Model (LLM) approaches to SystemVerilog Assertion (SVA) generation primarily focus on syntactic validity and formal verification outcomes, while semantic alignment between generated assertions and natural language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jaime Rafael Imperial , Hao Zheng
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