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Purpose: In digital histopathology, virtual multi-staining is important for diagnosis and biomarker research. Additionally, it provides accurate ground-truth for various deep-learning tasks. Virtual multi-staining can be obtained using…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-15 Johannes Lotz , Nick Weiss , Jeroen van der Laak , Stefan Heldmann

In addition to evaluating tumor morphology using H&E staining, immunohistochemistry is used to assess the presence of specific proteins within the tissue. However, this is a costly and labor-intensive technique, for which virtual staining,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 José Teixeira , Pascal Klöckner , Diana Montezuma , Melis Erdal Cesur , João Fraga , Hugo M. Horlings , Jaime S. Cardoso , Sara P. Oliveira

Stain variation is a unique challenge associated with automated analysis of digital pathology. Numerous methods have been developed to improve the robustness of machine learning methods to stain variation, but comparative studies have…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-14 Michael Yeung , Todd Watts , Sean YW Tan , Pedro F. Ferreira , Andrew D. Scott , Sonia Nielles-Vallespin , Guang Yang

Virtual staining is a promising technique that uses deep generative models to recreate histological stains, providing a faster and more cost-effective alternative to traditional tissue chemical staining. Specifically for H&E-HER2 staining…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Pascal Klöckner , José Teixeira , Diana Montezuma , Jaime S. Cardoso , Hugo M. Horlings , Sara P. Oliveira

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential for assessing specific immune biomarkers like Human Epidermal growth-factor Receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer. However, the traditional protocols of obtaining IHC stains are resource-intensive,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Aasim Bin Saleem , Amr Ahmed , Ardhendu Behera , Hafeezullah Amin , Iman Yi Liao , Mahmoud Khattab , Pan Jia Wern , Haslina Makmur

Histological examination is a crucial step in an autopsy; however, the traditional histochemical staining of post-mortem samples faces multiple challenges, including the inferior staining quality due to autolysis caused by delayed fixation…

Deep learning models that are trained on histopathological images obtained from a single lab and/or scanner give poor inference performance on images obtained from another scanner/lab with a different staining protocol. In recent years,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-07 Harshal Nishar , Nikhil Chavanke , Nitin Singhal

Image-to-image translation (I2I) methods allow the generation of artificial images that share the content of the original image but have a different style. With the advances in Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)-based methods, I2I…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-07 Igor Zingman , Sergio Frayle , Ivan Tankoyeu , Segrey Sukhanov , Fabian Heinemann

Digitized Histological diagnosis is in increasing demand. However, color variations due to various factors are imposing obstacles to the diagnosis process. The problem of stain color variations is a well-defined problem with many proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-06 M Tarek Shaban , Christoph Baur , Nassir Navab , Shadi Albarqouni

Histopathological evaluation of tissue samples is a key practice in patient diagnosis and drug development, especially in oncology. Historically, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) has been used by pathologists as a gold standard staining.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-16 Amal Lahiani , Jacob Gildenblat , Irina Klaman , Shadi Albarqouni , Nassir Navab , Eldad Klaiman

Histopathological cancer diagnosis is based on visual examination of stained tissue slides. Hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) is a standard stain routinely employed worldwide. It is easy to acquire and cost effective, but cells and tissue…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Zhaoyang Xu , Xingru Huang , Carlos Fernández Moro , Béla Bozóky , Qianni Zhang

Histopathology images; microscopy images of stained tissue biopsies contain fundamental prognostic information that forms the foundation of pathological analysis and diagnostic medicine. However, diagnostics from histopathology images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Aïcha BenTaieb , Ghassan Hamarneh

Style transfer is a field with growing interest and use cases in deep learning. Recent work has shown Generative Adversarial Networks(GANs) can be used to create realistic images of virtually stained slide images in digital pathology with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Amal Lahiani , Nassir Navab , Shadi Albarqouni , Eldad Klaiman

The diagnosis of cancer is mainly performed by visual analysis of the pathologists, through examining the morphology of the tissue slices and the spatial arrangement of the cells. If the microscopic image of a specimen is not stained, it…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-06 Pegah Salehi , Abdolah Chalechale

Registration of serial whole-slide histopathological images (WSIs) is critical for enabling direct comparison across diverse stains and for preparing paired datasets in artificial intelligence (AI) workflows such as virtual staining and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Zeyu Liu , Shengwei Ding

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) has been the gold standard in tissue analysis for decades, however, tissue specimens stained in different laboratories vary, often significantly, in appearance. This variation poses a challenge for both…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-25 Umair Khan , Jouni Härkönen , Marjukka Friman , Leena Latonen , Teijo Kuopio , Pekka Ruusuvuori

Many medical and biological protocols for analyzing individual biological cells involve morphological evaluation based on cell staining, designed to enhance imaging contrast and enable clinicians and biologists to differentiate between…

Histochemical staining is essential for visualizing tissue architecture and cellular morphology but is destructive and limited by the availability of tissue for multiple stains. Virtual staining with label-free microscopy offers a…

We propose a virtual staining methodology based on Generative Adversarial Networks to map histopathology images of breast cancer tissue from H&E stain to PHH3 and vice versa. We use the resulting synthetic images to build Convolutional…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-18 Caner Mercan , Germonda Reijnen-Mooij , David Tellez Martin , Johannes Lotz , Nick Weiss , Marcel van Gerven , Francesco Ciompi

Histopathological analysis is the present gold standard for precancerous lesion diagnosis. The goal of automated histopathological classification from digital images requires supervised training, which requires a large number of expert…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-15 Yuan Xue , Jiarong Ye , Qianying Zhou , Rodney Long , Sameer Antani , Zhiyun Xue , Carl Cornwell , Richard Zaino , Keith Cheng , Xiaolei Huang