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Prompting language models (LMs) with training examples and task descriptions has been seen as critical to recent successes in few-shot learning. In this work, we show that finetuning LMs in the few-shot setting can considerably reduce the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Robert L. Logan , Ivana Balažević , Eric Wallace , Fabio Petroni , Sameer Singh , Sebastian Riedel

The performance of large language models in domain-specific tasks necessitates fine-tuning, which is computationally expensive and technically challenging. This paper focuses on parameter-efficient fine-tuning using soft prompting, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Ananth Muppidi , Abhilash Nandy , Sambaran Bandyopadhyay

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly multilingual, supporting hundreds of languages, especially high resource ones. Unfortunately, Dialect variations are still underrepresented due to limited data and linguistic variation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Abdulhai Alali , Abderrahmane Issam

Automated code smell detection faces persistent challenges due to the subjectivity of heuristic rules and the limited performance of traditional ML/DL models. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising alternative, their adoption…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Beiqi Zhang , Peng Liang , Xin Zhou , Xiyu Zhou , David Lo , Qiong Feng , Zengyang Li , Lin Li

With the release of new large language models (LLMs) like Llama and Mistral, zero-shot cross-lingual transfer has become increasingly feasible due to their multilingual pretraining and strong generalization capabilities. However, adapting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Snegha A , Sayambhu Sen , Piyush Singh Pasi , Abhishek Singhania , Preethi Jyothi

Research to improve Automated Short Answer Grading has recently focused on Large Language Models (LLMs) with prompt engineering and no- or few-shot prompting to achieve best results. This is in contrast to the fine-tuning approach, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Joel Walsh , Siddarth Mamidanna , Benjamin Nye , Mark Core , Daniel Auerbach

Automated Program Repair (APR) aims to fix bugs by generating patches. And existing work has demonstrated that "pre-training and fine-tuning" paradigm enables Large Language Models (LLMs) improve fixing capabilities on APR. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Guochang Li , Chen Zhi , Jialiang Chen , Junxiao Han , Shuiguang Deng

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) has become the standard for customising Foundation Models (FMs) to user-specific downstream tasks. However, typical PEFT methods require storing multiple task-specific adapters, creating scalability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Abhinav Jain , Swarat Chaudhuri , Thomas Reps , Chris Jermaine

This research assesses the effectiveness of state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs), including ChatGPT, Llama, Aya, Jais, and ACEGPT, in the task of Arabic automated essay scoring (AES) using the AR-AES dataset. It explores various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Rayed Ghazawi , Edwin Simpson

When adapting large language models (LLMs) to a specific downstream task, two primary approaches are commonly employed: (1) prompt engineering, often with in-context few-shot learning, leveraging the model's inherent generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Jorg Bornschein , Clare Lyle , Yazhe Li , Amal Rannen-Triki , Xu Owen He , Razvan Pascanu

Prompt-based methods have achieved promising results in most few-shot text classification tasks. However, for readability assessment tasks, traditional prompt methods lackcrucial linguistic knowledge, which has already been proven to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Ziyang Wang , Sanwoo Lee , Hsiu-Yuan Huang , Yunfang Wu

Natural language processing (NLP), particularly sentiment analysis, plays a vital role in areas like marketing, customer service, and social media monitoring by providing insights into user opinions and emotions. However, progress in Arabic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Dania Refai , Alaa Dalaq , Doaa Dalaq , Irfan Ahmad

In prompt tuning, a prefix or suffix text is added to the prompt, and the embeddings (soft prompts) or token indices (hard prompts) of the prefix/suffix are optimized to gain more control over language models for specific tasks. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Shouchang Guo , Sonam Damani , Keng-hao Chang

Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) have become the de facto starting point for fine-tuning on downstream tasks. However, as model sizes continue to increase, traditional fine-tuning of all the parameters becomes challenging. To address this,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Bharat Runwal , Tejaswini Pedapati , Pin-Yu Chen

Despite growing interest in automated hate speech detection, most existing approaches overlook the linguistic diversity of online content. Multilingual instruction-tuned large language models such as LLaMA, Aya, Qwen, and BloomZ offer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Faeze Ghorbanpour , Daryna Dementieva , Alexander Fraser

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining significant popularity in recent years for specialized tasks using prompts due to their low computational cost. Standard methods like prefix tuning utilize special, modifiable tokens that lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Nusrat Jahan Prottasha , Asif Mahmud , Md. Shohanur Islam Sobuj , Prakash Bhat , Md Kowsher , Niloofar Yousefi , Ozlem Ozmen Garibay

Pretraining monolingual language models have been proven to be vital for performance in Arabic Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive study on the role of data in Arabic Pretrained Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Abbas Ghaddar , Philippe Langlais , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Boxing Chen

This paper presents two effective approaches for Extractive Question Answering (QA) on the Quran. It addresses challenges related to complex language, unique terminology, and deep meaning in the text. The second uses few-shot prompting with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Mohamed Basem , Islam Oshallah , Ali Hamdi , Ammar Mohammed

Few-shot prompting has emerged as a practical alternative to fine-tuning for leveraging the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in specialized tasks. However, its effectiveness depends heavily on the selection and quality of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Fouad Trad , Ali Chehab

The recent GPT-3 model (Brown et al., 2020) achieves remarkable few-shot performance solely by leveraging a natural-language prompt and a few task demonstrations as input context. Inspired by their findings, we study few-shot learning in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Tianyu Gao , Adam Fisch , Danqi Chen