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Decision tree (DT) attracts persistent research attention due to its impressive empirical performance and interpretability in numerous applications. However, the growth of traditional yet widely-used univariate decision trees (UDTs) is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Dan Li , Songcan Chen

Regression trees are a popular machine learning algorithm that fit piecewise constant models by recursively partitioning the predictor space. This paper focuses on statistical inference for a data-dependent model obtained from a fitted…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-17 Soham Bakshi , Yiling Huang , Snigdha Panigrahi , Walter Dempsey

Using Machine Learning systems in the real world can often be problematic, with inexplicable black-box models, the assumed certainty of imperfect measurements, or providing a single classification instead of a probability distribution. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Jonathan S. Kent , David H. Menager

Decision Trees have remained a popular machine learning method for tabular datasets, mainly due to their interpretability. However, they lack the expressiveness needed to handle highly nonlinear or unstructured datasets. Motivated by recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Dimitris Bertsimas , Lisa Everest , Jiayi Gu , Matthew Peroni , Vasiliki Stoumpou

Given the high computational complexity of decision tree estimation, classical methods construct a tree by adding one node at a time in a recursive way. To facilitate promoting fairness, we propose a fairness criterion local to the tree…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Andrea Quintanilla , Johan Van Horebeek

In health and social sciences, it is critically important to identify subgroups of the study population where there is notable heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE) with respect to the population average. Decision trees have been…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-05-28 Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi , Riccardo Cadei , Kwonsang Lee , Francesca Dominici

The last decade has shed some light on theoretical properties such as their consistency for regression tasks. In the current paper, we propose a new class of very simple learners based on so-called naive trees. These naive trees partition…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-12-18 Nico Föge , Markus Pauly , Lena Schmid , Marc Ditzhaus

Tree-based machine learning models, such as decision trees and random forests, have been hugely successful in classification tasks primarily because of their predictive power in supervised learning tasks and ease of interpretation. Despite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Tanmay Surve , Romila Pradhan

We propose Partition Tree, a novel tree-based framework for conditional density estimation over general outcome spaces that supports both continuous and categorical variables within a unified formulation. Our approach models conditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Felipe Angelim , Alessandro Leite

We propose new methods for Support Vector Machines (SVMs) using tree architecture for multi-class classi- fication. In each node of the tree, we select an appropriate binary classifier using entropy and generalization error estimation, then…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-29 Pittipol Kantavat , Boonserm Kijsirikul , Patoomsiri Songsiri , Ken-ichi Fukui , Masayuki Numao

Tree ensembles are very popular machine learning models, known for their effectiveness in supervised classification and regression tasks. Their performance derives from aggregating predictions of multiple decision trees, which are renowned…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Lorenzo Bonasera , Emilio Carrizosa

Recent advances have shown how decision trees are apt data structures for concisely representing strategies (or controllers) satisfying various objectives. Moreover, they also make the strategy more explainable. The recent tool dtControl…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Pranav Ashok , Mathias Jackermeier , Jan Křetínský , Christoph Weinhuber , Maximilian Weininger , Mayank Yadav

Decision trees have been studied extensively in the context of fairness, aiming to maximize prediction performance while ensuring non-discrimination against different groups. Techniques in this space usually focus on imposing constraints at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Kiara Stempel , Mattia Cerrato , Stefan Kramer

Large language models achieve strong reasoning performance, yet existing decoding strategies either explore blindly (random sampling) or redundantly (independent multi-sampling). We propose Entropy-Tree, a tree-based decoding method that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Longxuan Wei , Yubo Zhang , Zijiao Zhang , Zhihu Wang , Shiwan Zhao , Tianyu Huang , Huiting Zhao , Chenfei Liu , Shenao Zhang , Junchi Yan

Uncertainty estimation is crucial for machine learning models to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. However, the conventional discriminative deep learning classifiers produce uncalibrated closed-set predictions for OOD data. A more…

Decision trees have been widely used in machine learning. However, due to some reasons, data collecting in real world contains a fuzzy and uncertain form. The decision tree should be able to handle such fuzzy data. This paper presents a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-08-14 Jooyeol Yun , Jun won Seo , Taeseon Yoon

Differences in data size per class, also known as imbalanced data distribution, have become a common problem affecting data quality. Big Data scenarios pose a new challenge to traditional imbalanced classification algorithms, since they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-06 Diego García-Gil , Salvador García , Ning Xiong , Francisco Herrera

Real-world observational datasets and machine learning have revolutionized data-driven decision-making, yet many models rely on empirical associations that may be misleading due to confounding and subgroup heterogeneity. Simpson's paradox…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Xian Teng , Yu-Ru Lin

We prove that it is NP-hard to properly PAC learn decision trees with queries, resolving a longstanding open problem in learning theory (Bshouty 1993; Guijarro-Lavin-Raghavan 1999; Mehta-Raghavan 2002; Feldman 2016). While there has been a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Caleb Koch , Carmen Strassle , Li-Yang Tan

In pool-based active learning, the learner is given an unlabeled data set and aims to efficiently learn the unknown hypothesis by querying the labels of the data points. This can be formulated as the classical Optimal Decision Tree (ODT)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Su Jia , Fatemeh Navidi , Viswanath Nagarajan , R. Ravi