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Related papers: Instance-level Randomization: Toward More Stable L…

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The "LLM-as-a-Judge" paradigm, using Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated evaluators, is pivotal to LLM development, offering scalable feedback for complex tasks. However, the reliability of these judges is compromised by various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Qingquan Li , Shaoyu Dou , Kailai Shao , Chao Chen , Haixiang Hu

Invariant Causal Prediction (Peters et al., 2016) is a technique for out-of-distribution generalization which assumes that some aspects of the data distribution vary across the training set but that the underlying causal mechanisms remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Elan Rosenfeld , Pradeep Ravikumar , Andrej Risteski

Large language models (LLMs) are known to produce outputs with limited diversity. In this work, we study whether infusing random concepts in the prompts can improve the diversity of the generated outputs. To benchmark the approach, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Pulin Agrawal , Prasoon Goyal

Large language models (LLMs) are predominantly used as evaluators for natural language generation (NLG) tasks, but their application to broader evaluation scenarios remains limited. In this work, we explore the potential of LLMs as general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jie Meng , Jin Mao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing, yet aligning these models with human values and preferences using RLHF remains a significant challenge. This challenge is characterized by various instabilities,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Baolin Peng , Linfeng Song , Ye Tian , Lifeng Jin , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly versatile, numerous large scale benchmarks have been developed to thoroughly assess their capabilities. These benchmarks typically consist of diverse datasets and prompts to evaluate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yang Li , Jie Ma , Miguel Ballesteros , Yassine Benajiba , Graham Horwood

LLMs are highly sensitive to prompt phrasing, yet standard benchmarks typically report performance using a single prompt, raising concerns about the reliability of such evaluations. In this work, we argue for a stochastic method of moments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Gili Lior , Eliya Habba , Shahar Levy , Avi Caciularu , Gabriel Stanovsky

New large language models (LLMs) are being released every day. Some perform significantly better or worse than expected given their parameter count. Therefore, there is a need for a method to independently evaluate models. The current best…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ashwin Ramaswamy , Nestor Demeure , Ermal Rrapaj

Recent advances show that large language models (LLMs) generalize strong performance across different natural language benchmarks. However, the large size of LLMs makes training and inference expensive and impractical to run in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Laurence Liang

Research on the 'cultural alignment' of Large Language Models (LLMs) has emerged in response to growing interest in understanding representation across diverse stakeholders. Current approaches to evaluating cultural alignment through…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Ariba Khan , Stephen Casper , Dylan Hadfield-Menell

Low-rank approximation techniques have become the de facto standard for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) due to their reduced computational and memory requirements. This paper investigates the effectiveness of these methods in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Saswat Das , Marco Romanelli , Cuong Tran , Zarreen Reza , Bhavya Kailkhura , Ferdinando Fioretto

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has driven progress in reasoning tasks -- from program synthesis to scientific hypothesis generation -- yet their ability to handle ranked preferences and structured algorithms in combinatorial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Hadi Hosseini , Samarth Khanna , Ronak Singh

Reinforcement learning (RL) experiments have notoriously high variance, and minor details can have disproportionately large effects on measured outcomes. This is problematic for creating reproducible research and also serves as an obstacle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Johan Bjorck , Carla P. Gomes , Kilian Q. Weinberger

Randomized experiments or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are gold standards for causal inference, yet cost and sample-size constraints limit power. We introduce CALM (Causal Analysis leveraging Language Models), a statistical framework…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-09 Xinrui Ruan , Xinwei Ma , Yingfei Wang , Waverly Wei , Jingshen Wang

Ensuring the reliability and verifiability of large language model (LLM)-enabled systems remains a significant challenge in software engineering. We propose a probabilistic framework for systematically analyzing and improving these systems…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Juan Manuel Baldonado , Flavia Bonomo-Braberman , Víctor Adrián Braberman

Instance-level recognition (ILR) concerns distinguishing individual instances from one another, with person re-identification as a prominent example. Despite the impressive visual perception capabilities of modern VLMs, we find their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Liang Shi , Wei Li , Kevin M Beussman , Lin Chen , Yun Fu

As the importance of comprehensive evaluation in workshop courses increases, there is a growing demand for efficient and fair assessment methods that reduce the workload for faculty members. This paper presents an evaluation conducted with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Toru Ishida , Tongxi Liu , Hailong Wang , William K. Cheung

The rise of large language models (LLMs) has brought a critical need for high-quality human-labeled data, particularly for processes like human feedback and evaluation. A common practice is to label data via consensus annotation over human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Manya Wadhwa , Jifan Chen , Junyi Jessy Li , Greg Durrett

Large language models (LLMs), with advanced linguistic capabilities, have been employed in reranking tasks through a sequence-to-sequence approach. In this paradigm, multiple passages are reranked in a listwise manner and a textual reranked…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Ruiyang Ren , Yuhao Wang , Kun Zhou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Wenjie Wang , Jing Liu , Ji-Rong Wen , Tat-Seng Chua

Variation in human annotation (i.e., disagreements) is common in NLP, often reflecting important information like task subjectivity and sample ambiguity. Modeling this variation is important for applications that are sensitive to such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jingwei Ni , Yu Fan , Vilém Zouhar , Donya Rooein , Alexander Hoyle , Mrinmaya Sachan , Markus Leippold , Dirk Hovy , Elliott Ash