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In this work, we explore the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to annotate hate speech and abusiveness while considering predefined annotator personas within the strong-to-weak data perspectivism spectra. We evaluated LLM-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Olufunke O. Sarumi , Charles Welch , Daniel Braun , Jörg Schlötterer

Emotion recognition is a critical component of affective computing. Training accurate machine learning models for emotion recognition typically requires a large amount of labeled data. Due to the subtleness and complexity of emotions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Yifan Xu , Xue Jiang , Dongrui Wu

For speech emotion datasets, it has been difficult to acquire large quantities of reliable data and acted emotions may be over the top compared to less expressive emotions displayed in everyday life. Lately, larger datasets with natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Rosanna Milner , Md Asif Jalal , Raymond W. M. Ng , Thomas Hain

Producing the required amounts of training data for machine learning and NLP tasks often involves human annotators doing very repetitive and monotonous work. In this paper, we present and evaluate our novel annotation framework DALPHI,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-08-20 Robert Greinacher , Franziska Horn

Emotion detection in textual data has received growing interest in recent years, as it is pivotal for developing empathetic human-computer interaction systems. This paper introduces a method for categorizing emotions from text, which…

There are several issues with the existing general machine translation or natural language generation evaluation metrics, and question-answering (QA) systems are indifferent in that context. To build robust QA systems, we need the ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Farida Mustafazade , Peter F. Ebbinghaus

Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) systems rely on speech input and emotional labels annotated by humans. However, various emotion databases collect perceptional evaluations in different ways. For instance, the IEMOCAP dataset uses video…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-15 Huang-Cheng Chou , Haibin Wu , Hung-yi Lee , Chi-Chun Lee

Hate speech spreads widely online, harming individuals and communities, making automatic detection essential for large-scale moderation, yet detecting it remains difficult. Part of the challenge lies in subjectivity: what one person flags…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Paloma Piot , David Otero , Patricia Martín-Rodilla , Javier Parapar

This work deviates from easy-to-define class boundaries for object interactions. For the task of object interaction recognition, often captured using an egocentric view, we show that semantic ambiguities in verbs and recognising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-04-24 Michael Wray , Davide Moltisanti , Walterio Mayol-Cuevas , Dima Damen

As different people perceive others' emotional expressions differently, their annotation in terms of arousal and valence are per se subjective. To address this, these emotion annotations are typically collected by multiple annotators and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-26 Navin Raj Prabhu , Nale Lehmann-Willenbrock , Timo Gerkmann

It is increasingly recognized that human annotators do not always agree, and such disagreement is inherent in many annotation tasks. However, not all instances in a given task elicit the same degree of opinion divergence. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Leixin Zhang , Çağrı Çöltekin

In expressive speech synthesis, there are high requirements for emotion interpretation. However, it is time-consuming to acquire emotional audio corpus for arbitrary speakers due to their deduction ability. In response to this problem, this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-12 Pengfei Wu , Junjie Pan , Chenchang Xu , Junhui Zhang , Lin Wu , Xiang Yin , Zejun Ma

Data annotation, the practice of assigning descriptive labels to raw data, is pivotal in optimizing the performance of machine learning models. However, it is a resource-intensive process susceptible to biases introduced by annotators. The…

Understanding the nuances of speech emotion dataset curation and labeling is essential for assessing speech emotion recognition (SER) model potential in real-world applications. Most training and evaluation datasets contain acted or…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-17 Amrit Romana , Jaya Narain , Tien Dung Tran , Andrea Davis , Jason Fong , Ramya Rasipuram , Vikramjit Mitra

Uncertainty in machine learning models is a timely and vast field of research. In supervised learning, uncertainty can already occur in the first stage of the training process, the annotation phase. This scenario is particularly evident…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Katharina Hechinger , Christoph Koller , Xiao Xiang Zhu , Göran Kauermann

Measuring the similarity between two different sentential arguments is an important task in argument mining. However, one of the challenges in this field is that the dataset must be annotated using expertise in a variety of topics, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-22 ChaeHun Park , Sangwoo Seo

Linguistic bias in online news and social media is widespread but difficult to measure. Yet, its identification and quantification remain difficult due to subjectivity, context dependence, and the scarcity of high-quality gold-label…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Fabian Haak , Philipp Schaer

Acquisition of multilingual training data continues to be a challenge in word sense disambiguation (WSD). To address this problem, unsupervised approaches have been proposed to automatically generate sense annotations for training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Bradley Hauer , Grzegorz Kondrak , Yixing Luan , Arnob Mallik , Lili Mou

Emotion recognition models using audio input data can enable the development of interactive systems with applications in mental healthcare, marketing, gaming, and social media analysis. While the field of affective computing using audio…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Peranut Nimitsurachat , Peter Washington

The annotation of domain experts is important for some medical applications where the objective ground truth is ambiguous to define, e.g., the rehabilitation for some chronic diseases, and the prescreening of some musculoskeletal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Chongyang Wang , Yuan Gao , Chenyou Fan , Junjie Hu , Tin Lun Lam , Nicholas D. Lane , Nadia Bianchi-Berthouze