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How should we evaluate the effect of a policy on the likelihood of an undesirable event, such as conflict? The significance test has three limitations. First, relying on statistical significance misses the fact that uncertainty is a…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-03 Akisato Suzuki

Recommenders are significantly shaping online information consumption. While effective at personalizing content, these systems increasingly face criticism for propagating irrelevant, unwanted, and even harmful recommendations. Such content…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Giovanni De Toni , Erasmo Purificato , Emilia Gómez , Bruno Lepri , Andrea Passerini , Cristian Consonni

In Regression Discontinuity (RD) design, self-selection leads to different distributions of covariates on two sides of the policy intervention, which essentially violates the continuity of potential outcome assumption. The standard RD…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-22 Sida Peng , Yang Ning

We consider missingness in the context of causal inference when the outcome of interest may be missing. If the outcome directly affects its own missingness status, i.e., it is "self-censoring", this may lead to severely biased causal effect…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-12 Jacob M Chen , Daniel Malinsky , Rohit Bhattacharya

The goal of recommendation is to show users items that they will like. Though usually framed as a prediction, the spirit of recommendation is to answer an interventional question---for each user and movie, what would the rating be if we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Yixin Wang , Dawen Liang , Laurent Charlin , David M. Blei

Confounding is a significant obstacle to unbiased estimation of causal effects from observational data. For settings with high-dimensional covariates -- such as text data, genomics, or the behavioral social sciences -- researchers have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Katherine A. Keith , Sergey Feldman , David Jurgens , Jonathan Bragg , Rohit Bhattacharya

We study the problem of a decision maker who must provide the best possible treatment recommendation based on an experiment. The desirability of the outcome distribution resulting from the policy recommendation is measured through a…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-04-06 Anders Bredahl Kock , David Preinerstorfer , Bezirgen Veliyev

Algorithmic recourse aims to provide actionable recommendations to individuals to obtain a more favourable outcome from an automated decision-making system. As it involves reasoning about interventions performed in the physical world,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-06-23 Julius von Kügelgen , Nikita Agarwal , Jakob Zeitler , Afsaneh Mastouri , Bernhard Schölkopf

One-sided matching mechanisms are fundamental for assigning a set of indivisible objects to a set of self-interested agents when monetary transfers are not allowed. Two widely-studied randomized mechanisms in multiagent settings are the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-03-02 Hadi Hosseini , Kate Larson , Robin Cohen

A major challenge in data-driven decision-making is accurate policy evaluation-i.e., guaranteeing that a learned decision-making policy achieves the promised benefits. A popular strategy is model-based policy evaluation, which estimates a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Hamsa Bastani , Osbert Bastani , Bryce McLaughlin

We study preferences estimated from finite choice experiments and provide sufficient conditions for convergence to a unique underlying "true" preference. Our conditions are weak, and therefore valid in a wide range of economic environments.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-11-03 Christopher P. Chambers , Federico Echenique , Nicolas Lambert

Empirical economists are often deterred from the application of fixed effects binary choice models mainly for two reasons: the incidental parameter problem and the computational challenge even in moderately large panels. Using the example…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-10-27 Daniel Czarnowske , Amrei Stammann

We study a class of constrained reinforcement learning (RL) problems in which multiple constraint specifications are not identified before training. It is challenging to identify appropriate constraint specifications due to the undefined…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-01-02 Dongsheng Ding , Zhengyan Huan , Alejandro Ribeiro

Imitation is a key component of human social behavior, and is widely used by both children and adults as a way to navigate uncertain or unfamiliar situations. But in an environment populated by multiple heterogeneous agents pursuing…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2023-05-15 Max Taylor-Davies , Stephanie Droop , Christopher G. Lucas

We explore the ways that a reference point may direct attention. Utilizing a stochastic choice framework, we provide behavioral foundations for the Reference-Dependent Random Attention Model (RD-RAM). Our characterization result shows that…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-03-21 Matthew Kovach , Elchin Suleymanov

Access control is a cornerstone of secure computing, yet large language models often blur role boundaries by producing unrestricted responses. We study role-conditioned refusals, focusing on the LLM's ability to adhere to access control…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Đorđe Klisura , Joseph Khoury , Ashish Kundu , Ram Krishnan , Anthony Rios

The feedback data of recommender systems are often subject to what was exposed to the users; however, most learning and evaluation methods do not account for the underlying exposure mechanism. We first show in theory that applying…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Da Xu , Chuanwei Ruan , Evren Korpeoglu , Sushant Kumar , Kannan Achan

Longitudinal data tracking repeated measurements on individuals are highly valued for research because they offer controls for unmeasured individual heterogeneity that might otherwise bias results. Random effects or mixed models approaches,…

Applications · Statistics 2009-09-29 J. R. Lockwood , Daniel F. McCaffrey

Decision-makers often deploy the best-performing treatment from a randomized experiment, creating a winner's curse: selection favors treatments whose observed outcomes are high partly because of statistical noise, so the na\"ive estimate of…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-20 Ron Berman , Walter W. Zhang , Hangcheng Zhao

I consider decision-making constrained by considerations of morality, rationality, or other virtues. The decision maker (DM) has a true preference over outcomes, but feels compelled to choose among outcomes that are top-ranked by some…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-03-17 Sarah Ridout