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Traditionally, in supervised machine learning, (a significant) part of the available data (usually 50% to 80%) is used for training and the rest for validation. In many problems, however, the data is highly imbalanced in regard to different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Xiaowei Gu , Plamen P Angelov , Eduardo Almeida Soares

Imbalanced datasets are a fundamental issue in industrial condition monitoring and fault classification pipelines, causing classical machine learning models to overfit the majority classes while failing to learn the minority fault patterns.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Amit S. Patel , Himanshukumar R. Patel , Bikash K. Behera

Class imbalance is a common problem in supervised learning and impedes the predictive performance of classification models. Popular countermeasures include oversampling the minority class. Standard methods like SMOTE rely on finding nearest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-24 Justin Engelmann , Stefan Lessmann

Learning from class imbalanced datasets poses challenges for many machine learning algorithms. Many real-world domains are, by definition, class imbalanced by virtue of having a majority class that naturally has many more instances than its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Mohammed Temraz , Mark T. Keane

Classification of imbalanced datasets is a challenging task for standard algorithms. Although many methods exist to address this problem in different ways, generating artificial data for the minority class is a more general approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-22 Georgios Douzas , Fernando Bacao

This study investigates rare event detection on tabular data within binary classification. Standard techniques to handle class imbalance include SMOTE, which generates synthetic samples from the minority class. However, SMOTE is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Abdoulaye Sakho , Emmanuel Malherbe , Carl-Erik Gauthier , Erwan Scornet

Downsampling or under-sampling is a technique that is utilized in the context of large and highly imbalanced classification models. We study optimal downsampling for imbalanced classification using generalized linear models (GLMs). We…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-20 Yan Chen , Jose Blanchet , Krzysztof Dembczynski , Laura Fee Nern , Aaron Flores

Class imbalance poses a significant challenge in classification tasks, where traditional approaches often lead to biased models and unreliable predictions. Undersampling and oversampling techniques have been commonly employed to address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Matt Clifford , Jonathan Erskine , Alexander Hepburn , Raúl Santos-Rodríguez , Dario Garcia-Garcia

Data imbalance, that is the disproportion between the number of training observations coming from different classes, remains one of the most significant challenges affecting contemporary machine learning. The negative impact of data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Michał Koziarski

Class imbalance in real-world data poses a common bottleneck for machine learning tasks, since achieving good generalization on under-represented examples is often challenging. Mitigation strategies, such as under or oversampling the data…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-02-03 Emanuele Loffredo , Mauro Pastore , Simona Cocco , Rémi Monasson

SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique) is the established geometric approach to random oversampling to balance classes in the imbalanced learning problem, followed by many extensions. Its idea is to introduce synthetic data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Oleg Kachan , Andrey Savchenko , Gleb Gusev

Imbalanced classification often causes standard training procedures to prioritize the majority class and perform poorly on rare but important cases. A classic and widely used remedy is to augment the minority class with synthetic samples,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-10 Zhengchi Ma , Anru R. Zhang

This study is about inducing classifiers using data that is imbalanced, with a minority class being under-represented in relation to the majority classes. The first section of this research focuses on the main characteristics of data that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Shivaditya Shivganesh , Nitin Narayanan N , Pranav Murali , Ajaykumar M

In this paper we propose a novel data-level algorithm for handling data imbalance in the classification task, Synthetic Majority Undersampling Technique (SMUTE). SMUTE leverages the concept of interpolation of nearby instances, previously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Michał Koziarski

Training and fine-tuning deep learning models, especially large language models (LLMs), on limited and imbalanced datasets poses substantial challenges. These issues often result in poor generalization, where models overfit to dominant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Ashok Choudhary , Cornelius Thiels , Hojjat Salehinejad

Class imbalance is a long-standing problem relevant to a number of real-world applications of deep learning. Oversampling techniques, which are effective for handling class imbalance in classical learning systems, can not be directly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-28 Sankha Subhra Mullick , Shounak Datta , Swagatam Das

Deep learning models tend to memorize training data, which hurts their ability to generalize to under-represented classes. We empirically study a convolutional neural network's internal representation of imbalanced image data and measure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Damien Dablain , Colin Bellinger , Bartosz Krawczyk , Nitesh Chawla

The key to overcome class imbalance problems is to capture the distribution of minority class accurately. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have shown some potentials to tackle class imbalance problems due to their capability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-06 Jingyu Hao , Chengjia Wang , Heye Zhang , Guang Yang

Many real-world applications reveal difficulties in learning classifiers from imbalanced data. The rising big data era has been witnessing more classification tasks with large-scale but extremely imbalance and low-quality datasets. Most of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Zhining Liu , Wei Cao , Zhifeng Gao , Jiang Bian , Hechang Chen , Yi Chang , Tie-Yan Liu

Class imbalance remains a critical challenge in machine learning (ML), particularly in the medical domain, where underrepresented minority classes lead to biased models and reduced predictive performance. This study introduces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Vikas Kashtriya , Pardeep Singh