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While most reading comprehension benchmarks for LLMs focus on factual information that can be answered by localizing specific textual evidence, many real-world tasks require understanding distributional information, such as population-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Pei-Fu Guo , Ya-An Tsai , Chun-Chia Hsu , Kai-Xin Chen , Yun-Da Tsai , Kai-Wei Chang , Nanyun Peng , Mi-Yen Yeh , Shou-De Lin

Egocentric AI agents, such as smart glasses, rely on pointing gestures to resolve referential ambiguities in natural language commands. However, despite advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), current systems often fail to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Chentao Li , Zirui Gao , Mingze Gao , Yinglian Ren , Jianjiang Feng , Jie Zhou

Multimodal Emotion Recognition (MER) focuses on identifying and interpreting emotions from modality-compound inputs. Closely mirroring human cognitive processes in real-world environments, MER has drawn substantial attention from both…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Hongrui Zhang , Daiqing Wu , Yangyang Li , Kuien Liu , Yuhui Wang , Yu Zhou , Sicheng Zhao

Recent advances in Multi-Modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled unified processing of language, vision, and structured inputs, opening the door to complex tasks such as logical deduction, spatial reasoning, and scientific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Guiyao Tie , Xueyang Zhou , Tianhe Gu , Ruihang Zhang , Chaoran Hu , Sizhe Zhang , Mengqu Sun , Yan Zhang , Pan Zhou , Lichao Sun

Understanding human emotions from multimodal signals poses a significant challenge in affective computing and human-robot interaction. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have excelled in general vision-language tasks, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Xiaojiang Peng , Jingyi Chen , Zebang Cheng , Bao Peng , Fengyi Wu , Yifei Dong , Shuyuan Tu , Qiyu Hu , Huiting Huang , Yuxiang Lin , Jun-Yan He , Kai Wang , Zheng Lian , Zhi-Qi Cheng

The capability to process multiple images is crucial for Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) to develop a more thorough and nuanced understanding of a scene. Recent multi-image LVLMs have begun to address this need. However, their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Fanqing Meng , Jin Wang , Chuanhao Li , Quanfeng Lu , Hao Tian , Jiaqi Liao , Xizhou Zhu , Jifeng Dai , Yu Qiao , Ping Luo , Kaipeng Zhang , Wenqi Shao

Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable multi- and cross-modal integration capabilities. However, their potential for fine-grained emotion understanding remains systematically underexplored.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Jing Han , Zhiqiang Gao , Shihao Gao , Jialing Liu , Hongyu Chen , Zixing Zhang , Björn W. Schuller

The rapid development of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has expanded their capabilities from image comprehension to video understanding. However, most of these MLLMs focus primarily on offline video comprehension, necessitating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Junming Lin , Zheng Fang , Chi Chen , Zihao Wan , Fuwen Luo , Peng Li , Yang Liu , Maosong Sun

Evaluating Large Language Models' (LLMs) anthropomorphic capabilities has become increasingly important in contemporary discourse. Utilizing the emotion appraisal theory from psychology, we propose to evaluate the empathy ability of LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jen-tse Huang , Man Ho Lam , Eric John Li , Shujie Ren , Wenxuan Wang , Wenxiang Jiao , Zhaopeng Tu , Michael R. Lyu

Existing vision-language understanding benchmarks largely consist of images of objects in their usual contexts. As a consequence, recent multimodal large language models can perform well with only a shallow visual understanding by relying…

Scoring the Optical Character Recognition (OCR) capabilities of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) has witnessed growing interest. Existing benchmarks have highlighted the impressive performance of LMMs in text recognition; however, their…

Emotional intelligence (EI), the ability to perceive, understand, and respond appropriately to others' emotional states, is central to human communication, and increasingly important to assess as LLMs assume conversational roles in everyday…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kate M. Lubrano , Faisal Sayed , Ankita Rathod , Akshansh , Craver Corbyn Thomas-Smith , Mark E. Whiting , Karina Nguyen

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have recently achieved remarkable progress in vision-language understanding. Yet, human perception is inherently multisensory, integrating sight, sound, and motion to reason about the world. Among…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Bingwen Zhu , Yuqian Fu , Qiaole Dong , Guolei Sun , Tianwen Qian , Yuzheng Wu , Danda Pani Paudel , Xiangyang Xue , Yanwei Fu

Spatial cognition is fundamental to real-world multimodal intelligence, allowing models to effectively interact with the physical environment. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides, existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Peiran Xu , Sudong Wang , Yao Zhu , Jianing Li , Gege Qi , Yunjian Zhang

Recent advances in multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have led to impressive progress across various benchmarks. However, their capability in understanding infrared images remains unexplored. To address this gap, we introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Tao Zhang , Yuyang Hong , Yang Xia , Kun Ding , Zeyu Zhang , Ying Wang , Shiming Xiang , Chunhong Pan

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in Emotional Intelligence (EI) and long-context modeling. However, existing benchmarks often overlook the fact that emotional information processing unfolds as a continuous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Weichu Liu , Jing Xiong , Yuxuan Hu , Zixuan Li , Minghuan Tan , Ningning Mao , Hui Shen , Wendong Xu , Chaofan Tao , Min Yang , Chengming Li , Lingpeng Kong , Ngai Wong

We introduce MuirBench, a comprehensive benchmark that focuses on robust multi-image understanding capabilities of multimodal LLMs. MuirBench consists of 12 diverse multi-image tasks (e.g., scene understanding, ordering) that involve 10…

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in open-vocabulary perceptual tasks, yet their ability to solve complex cognitive problems remains limited, especially when visual details are abstract and require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Boyi Li , Yifan Shen , Yuanzhe Liu , Yifan Xu , Jiateng Liu , Xinzhuo Li , Zhengyuan Li , Jingyuan Zhu , Yunhan Zhong , Fangzhou Lan , Jianguo Cao , James M. Rehg , Heng Ji , Ismini Lourentzou , Xu Cao

Emotions conveyed through voice and face shape engagement and context in human AI interaction. Despite rapid progress in omni modal large language models, the holistic evaluation of emotional reasoning with audiovisual cues remains limited.…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved remarkable success in vision-language tasks, but their reliance on vast, internet-sourced data raises significant privacy and security concerns. Machine unlearning (MU) has emerged as a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Zhaopan Xu , Pengfei Zhou , Weidong Tang , Jiaxin Ai , Wangbo Zhao , Kai Wang , Xiaojiang Peng , Wenqi Shao , Hongxun Yao , Kaipeng Zhang