English
Related papers

Related papers: Decoupling the "What" and "Where" With Polar Coord…

200 papers

Transformer-based models have become the dominant paradigm for neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) of vehicle routing problems (VRPs), yet the role of positional encoding (PE) in these architectures remains largely unexplored. Unlike…

Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) is widely adopted in large language models (LLMs) due to its efficient encoding of relative positions with strong extrapolation capabilities. However, while its application in higher-dimensional input…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Haiping Liu , Lijing Lin , Jingyuan Sun , Zhegong Shangguan , Mauricio A. Alvarez , Hongpeng Zhou

The attention mechanism is a core primitive in modern large language models (LLMs) and AI more broadly. Since attention by itself is permutation-invariant, position encoding is essential for modeling structured domains such as language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Songlin Yang , Yikang Shen , Kaiyue Wen , Shawn Tan , Mayank Mishra , Liliang Ren , Rameswar Panda , Yoon Kim

Positional Encodings (PEs) are used to inject word-order information into transformer-based language models. While they can significantly enhance the quality of sentence representations, their specific contribution to language models is not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Lihu Chen , Gaël Varoquaux , Fabian M. Suchanek

In transformer architectures, position encoding primarily provides a sense of sequence for input tokens. While the original transformer paper's method has shown satisfactory results in general language processing tasks, there have been new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Eren Unlu

Rotary Positional Embedding (RoPE) is a widely adopted technique for encoding position in language models, which, while effective, causes performance breakdown when input length exceeds training length. Prior analyses assert (rightly) that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Davis Wertheimer , Aozhong Zhang , Derrick Liu , Penghang Yin , Naigang Wang

Transformer language models encode the notion of word order using positional information. Most commonly, this positional information is represented by absolute position embeddings (APEs), that are learned from the pretraining data. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Koustuv Sinha , Amirhossein Kazemnejad , Siva Reddy , Joelle Pineau , Dieuwke Hupkes , Adina Williams

Positional encoding plays a pivotal role in determin?ing the extrapolation and generalization performance of wireless foundation models for channel state information (CSI) modeling, latent characterization, and task-specific prediction.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Chenyu Zhang , Xinchen Lyu , Chenshan Ren , Shuhan Liu , Qimei Cui

While music remains a challenging domain for generative models like Transformers, a two-pronged approach has recently proved successful: inserting musically-relevant structural information into the positional encoding (PE) module and using…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Manvi Agarwal , Changhong Wang , Gael Richard

In the realm of large-scale language models, a significant challenge arises when extrapolating sequences beyond the maximum allowable length. This is because the model's position embedding mechanisms are limited to positions encountered…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Yui Oka , Taku Hasegawa , Kyosuke Nishida , Kuniko Saito

Characterizing the express power of the Transformer architecture is critical to understanding its capacity limits and scaling law. Recent works provide the circuit complexity bounds to Transformer-like architecture. On the other hand,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Bo Chen , Xiaoyu Li , Yingyu Liang , Jiangxuan Long , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song

Rotary Position Embeddings (RoPE) have become a standard for encoding sequence order in Large Language Models (LLMs) by applying rotations to query and key vectors in the complex plane. Standard implementations, however, utilize only the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xiaoran Liu , Yuerong Song , Zhigeng Liu , Zengfeng Huang , Qipeng Guo , Zhaoxiang Liu , Shiguo Lian , Ziwei He , Xipeng Qiu

In Transformer-based architectures, the attention mechanism is inherently permutation-invariant with respect to the input sequence's tokens. To impose sequential order, token positions are typically encoded using a scheme with either fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Giorgio Angelotti

Multimodal position encoding is essential for vision-language models, yet there has been little systematic investigation into multimodal position encoding. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of multimodal Rotary Positional Embedding (RoPE)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jie Huang , Xuejing Liu , Sibo Song , Ruibing Hou , Hong Chang , Junyang Lin , Shuai Bai

Position encoding is the primary mechanism which induces notion of sequential order for input tokens in transformer architectures. Even though this formulation in the original transformer paper has yielded plausible performance for general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Eren Unlu

Length generalization, the ability to generalize from small training context sizes to larger ones, is a critical challenge in the development of Transformer-based language models. Positional encoding (PE) has been identified as a major…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Amirhossein Kazemnejad , Inkit Padhi , Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy , Payel Das , Siva Reddy

Recent advances in Transformer models allow for unprecedented sequence lengths, due to linear space and time complexity. In the meantime, relative positional encoding (RPE) was proposed as beneficial for classical Transformers and consists…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Antoine Liutkus , Ondřej Cífka , Shih-Lun Wu , Umut Şimşekli , Yi-Hsuan Yang , Gaël Richard

Rotary positional embedding has become the state-of-the-art approach to encode position information in transformer-based models. While it is often succinctly expressed in complex linear algebra, we note that the actual implementation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Beicheng Lou , Zifei Xu , Vivian W. H. Wong

The transformer architecture has been widely applied to many machine learning tasks. A main bottleneck in the time to perform transformer computations is a task called attention computation. [Alman and Song, NeurIPS 2023] have shown that in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Josh Alman , Zhao Song

3D Large Vision-Language Models (3D LVLMs) built upon Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress across various multimodal tasks. However, their inherited position-dependent modeling mechanism, Rotary Position Embedding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Guanting Ye , Qiyan Zhao , Wenhao Yu , Liangyu Yuan , Mingkai Li , Xiaofeng Zhang , Jianmin Ji , Yanyong Zhang , Qing Jiang , Ka-Veng Yuen