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Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate their reasoning ability through chain-of-thought (CoT) generation. However, LLM's autoregressive decoding may limit the ability to revisit and refine earlier tokens in a holistic manner, which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Haoqiang Kang , Yizhe Zhang , Nikki Lijing Kuang , Nicklas Majamaki , Navdeep Jaitly , Yi-An Ma , Lianhui Qin

Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive (AR) LLMs, leveraging denoising-based generation to enable inherent parallelism. Even more and more open-sourced dLLM models emerge, yet…

Reward models are central to both reinforcement learning (RL) with language models and inference-time verification. However, existing reward models often lack temporal consistency, leading to ineffective policy updates and unstable RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Dan Zhang , Min Cai , Jonathan Light , Ziniu Hu , Yisong Yue , Jie Tang

Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) enable fast generation, yet training large DLMs from scratch is costly. As a practical shortcut, adapting off-the-shelf Auto-Regressive (AR) model weights into a DLM could quickly equip the DLM with strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yuchuan Tian , Yuchen Liang , Shuo Zhang , Yingte Shu , Guangwen Yang , Wei He , Sibo Fang , Tianyu Guo , Kai Han , Chao Xu , Hanting Chen , Xinghao Chen , Yunhe Wang

Recently, diffusion models have excelled in image generation tasks and have also been applied to neural language processing (NLP) for controllable text generation. However, the application of diffusion models in a cross-lingual setting is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Linyao Chen , Aosong Feng , Boming Yang , Zihui Li

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have witnessed remarkable advancements, with the test-time scaling law consistently enhancing the reasoning capabilities. Through systematic evaluation and exploration of a diverse spectrum of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Chenyang Shao , Sijian Ren , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Autoregressive Models (ARMs) have long dominated the landscape of Large Language Models. Recently, a new paradigm has emerged in the form of diffusion-based Large Language Models (dLLMs), which generate text by iteratively denoising masked…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zhiyuan Liu , Yicun Yang , Yaojie Zhang , Junjie Chen , Chang Zou , Qingyuan Wei , Shaobo Wang , Linfeng Zhang

Vision-language-action (VLA) models have shown strong generalization across tasks and embodiments; however, their reliance on large-scale human demonstrations limits their scalability owing to the cost and effort of manual data collection.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Rushuai Yang , Hangxing Wei , Ran Zhang , Zhiyuan Feng , Xiaoyu Chen , Tong Li , Chuheng Zhang , Li Zhao , Jiang Bian , Xiu Su , Yi Chen

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) offer capabilities beyond those of autoregressive (AR) LLMs, such as parallel decoding and random-order generation. However, realizing these benefits in practice is non-trivial, as dLLMs inherently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yu-Yang Qian , Junda Su , Lanxiang Hu , Peiyuan Zhang , Zhijie Deng , Peng Zhao , Hao Zhang

Autoregressive (AR) large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance across a wide range of natural language tasks, yet their inherent sequential decoding limits inference efficiency. In this work, we propose Fast-dLLM v2,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Chengyue Wu , Hao Zhang , Shuchen Xue , Shizhe Diao , Yonggan Fu , Zhijian Liu , Pavlo Molchanov , Ping Luo , Song Han , Enze Xie

Diffusion language models (dLLMs) recently emerged as a promising alternative to auto-regressive LLMs. The latest works further extended it to multimodal understanding and generation tasks. In this work, we propose LaViDa-R1, a multimodal,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shufan Li , Yuchen Zhu , Jiuxiang Gu , Kangning Liu , Zhe Lin , Yongxin Chen , Molei Tao , Aditya Grover , Jason Kuen

We present T$^\star$, a simple TraceRL-based training curriculum for progressive block-size scaling in masked diffusion language models (MDMs). Starting from an AR-initialized small-block MDM, T$^\star$ transitions smoothly to larger…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Hanchen Xia , Baoyou Chen , Yutang Ge , Guojiang Zhao , Siyu Zhu

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) aims to explicitly infer an underlying reward function based on collected expert demonstrations. Considering that obtaining expert demonstrations can be costly, the focus of current IRL techniques is on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Lu Li , Yuxin Pan , Ruobing Chen , Jie Liu , Zilin Wang , Yu Liu , Zhiheng Li

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become the dominant paradigm for improving the performance of language models on complex reasoning tasks. Despite the substantial empirical gains demonstrated by RL-based training methods like GRPO, a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jiayu Wang , Yifei Ming , Zixuan Ke , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty , Aws Albarghouthi , Frederic Sala

Diffusion models are powerful generative models that allow for precise control over the characteristics of the generated samples. While these diffusion models trained on large datasets have achieved success, there is often a need to…

Diffusion-based Large Language Models (D-LLMs) represent a promising frontier in generative AI, offering fully parallel token generation that can lead to significant throughput advantages and superior GPU utilization over the traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Michael Rottoli , Subhankar Roy , Stefano Paraboschi

Robustness to modeling errors and uncertainties remains a central challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). In this work, we address this challenge by leveraging diffusion models to train robust RL policies. Diffusion models have recently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Daniele Foffano , Alessio Russo , Alexandre Proutiere

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are promising alternatives to autoregressive large language models (AR-LLMs), as they potentially allow higher inference throughput. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a crucial component for dLLMs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yuchen Zhu , Wei Guo , Jaemoo Choi , Petr Molodyk , Bo Yuan , Molei Tao , Yongxin Chen

We introduce the Diffusion Chain of Lateral Thought (DCoLT), a reasoning framework for diffusion language models. DCoLT treats each intermediate step in the reverse diffusion process as a latent "thinking" action and optimizes the entire…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zemin Huang , Zhiyang Chen , Zijun Wang , Tiancheng Li , Guo-Jun Qi

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) offer a compelling paradigm for natural language generation, leveraging parallel decoding and bidirectional attention to achieve superior global coherence compared to autoregressive models. While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Zhongyu Xiao , Zhiwei Hao , Jianyuan Guo , Yong Luo , Jia Liu , Jie Xu , Han Hu