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Interpretability plays a crucial role in the application of statistical learning to estimate heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) in complex diseases. In this study, we leverage a rule-based workflow, namely causal rule learning (CRL), to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Ying Wu , Hanzhong Liu , Kai Ren , Shujie Ma , Xiangyu Chang

Randomized trials are typically designed to detect average treatment effects but often lack the statistical power to uncover individual-level treatment effect heterogeneity, limiting their value for personalized decision-making. To address…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-19 Rickard Karlsson , Piersilvio De Bartolomeis , Issa J. Dahabreh , Jesse H. Krijthe

We consider the problem of causal structure learning in the setting of heterogeneous populations, i.e., populations in which a single causal structure does not adequately represent all population members, as is common in biological and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-21 Alex Markham , Richeek Das , Moritz Grosse-Wentrup

In this paper we present a data-adaptive estimation procedure for estimation of average treatment effects in a time-to-event setting based on generalized random forests. In these kinds of settings, the definition of causal effect parameters…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-04-28 Helene C. W. Rytgaard , Claus T. Ekstrøm , Lars V. Kessing , Thomas A. Gerds

Estimating how a treatment affects different individuals, known as heterogeneous treatment effect estimation, is an important problem in empirical sciences. In the last few years, there has been a considerable interest in adapting machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Christopher Tran , Keith Burghardt , Kristina Lerman , Elena Zheleva

Recent methodological developments have introduced new black-box approaches to better estimate heterogeneous treatment effects; however, these methods fall short of providing interpretable characterizations of the underlying individuals who…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-19 Melody Huang , Tiffany M. Tang , Ana M. Kenney

This paper provides a link between causal inference and machine learning techniques - specifically, Classification and Regression Trees (CART) - in observational studies where the receipt of the treatment is not randomized, but the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-23 Falco J. Bargagli-Stoffi , Giorgio Gnecco

Treatment noncompliance is pervasive in infectious disease cluster-randomized trials. Although all individuals within a cluster are assigned the same treatment condition, the treatment uptake status may vary across individuals due to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-19 Chao Cheng , Georgia Papadogeorgou , Fan Li

Background: When planning a cluster randomized trial, evaluators often have access to an enumerated cohort representing the target population of clusters. Practicalities of conducting the trial, such as the need to oversample clusters with…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-19 Sarah E. Robertson , Jon A. Steingrimsson , Issa J. Dahabreh

Uncovering the heterogeneous effects of particular policies or "treatments" is a key concern for researchers and policymakers. A common approach is to report average treatment effects across subgroups based on observable covariates.…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-02 Riccardo Di Francesco

We recently developed a new method riAFT-BART to draw causal inferences about population treatment effect on patient survival from clustered and censored survival data while accounting for the multilevel data structure. The practical…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-14 Liangyuan Hu

Non-adherence to assigned treatment is a common issue in cluster randomised trials (CRTs). In these settings, the efficacy estimand may be also of interest. Many methodological contributions in recent years have advocated using instrumental…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-05 Schadrac C. Agbla , Bianca De Stavola , Karla DiazOrdaz

Multiple datasets containing different types of features may be available for a given task. For instance, users' profiles can be used to group users for recommendation systems. In addition, a model can also use users' historical behaviors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-10 Weixiang Shao , Xiaoxiao Shi , Philip S. Yu

Many applications of causal inference require using treatment effects estimated on a study population to make decisions in a separate target population. We consider the challenging setting where there are covariates that are observed in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Khurram Yamin , Vibhhu Sharma , Ed Kennedy , Bryan Wilder

A widely used paradigm to improve the generalization performance of high-capacity neural models is through the addition of auxiliary unsupervised tasks during supervised training. Tasks such as similarity matching and input reconstruction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Shivin Srivastava , Kenji Kawaguchi , Vaibhav Rajan

Identifying patient subgroups with different treatment responses is an important task to inform medical recommendations, guidelines, and the design of future clinical trials. Existing approaches for treatment effect estimation primarily…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-10 Vincent Jeanselme , Chang Ho Yoon , Fabian Falck , Brian Tom , Jessica Barrett

We develop a Causal-Deep Neural Network (CDNN) model trained in two stages to infer causal impact estimates at an individual unit level. Using only the pre-treatment features in stage 1 in the absence of any treatment information, we learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Naveen Nair , Karthik S. Gurumoorthy , Dinesh Mandalapu

Heterogeneous treatment effects can be very important in the analysis of randomized clinical trials. Heightened risks or enhanced benefits may exist for particular subsets of study subjects. When the heterogeneous treatment effects are…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-25 Richard A. Berk , Matthew Olson , Andreas Buja , Aurelie Ouss

Flexible estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects lies at the heart of many statistical challenges, such as personalized medicine and optimal resource allocation. In this paper, we develop a general class of two-step algorithms for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-07 Xinkun Nie , Stefan Wager

Subgroup identification (clustering) is an important problem in biomedical research. Gene expression profiles are commonly utilized to define subgroups. Longitudinal gene expression profiles might provide additional information on disease…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-09-27 Jiehuan Sun , Jose D. Herazo-Maya , Naftali Kaminski , Hongyu Zhao , Joshua L. Warren
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